Animal Testing Causes Millions Of Animal Deaths Each Year.

Animal testing causes millions of animal deaths each year. It has been used repeatedly in the laboratory and medical research. In many years, animal testing for medical research has come under several criticisms from the group of animal protection. Most animals being used in the research are mostly not protected by the Animal Welfare Act which includes rabbits, hamsters, cats, and mice. Some people indicate that since animals are different species from humans, animal testing results with uncertainty as to its validity. However, there are also some people who are in favor of animal testing. They make an argument that animal testing is necessary to give an advance medical knowledge. Nevertheless, animals go through needless suffering for our†¦show more content†¦Because of many cellular, metabolic, and anatomical are different between the two species, there will be the difficulties in the result of the drug test. People using animals to test for toxicity must not be accepted s ince humans are nowhere close to many kilograms of rats. Hence, the research data is unclear between humans and animals. Second, animal testing is not reliable to predict the results in humans. Many drug tests found safe in animals fail in humans by harming them or even lead to their death. Animal testing would possibly link to misleading research. Even though some may argue that animal subjects are the way to investigate diseases by providing a high chance of addressing health problems such as heart disease and stroke, it can mislead researchers to cause illness or death by failing to figure out the poisonous effects of medicines. Greek indicates that â€Å"more than half of the medications released between 1976 and 1985 were taken off the market or relabeled because dangerous side effects were discovered†. These risks can lead to hospitalization and death to human beings because researchers are not really noticing any side effect in humans, despite animal experiments. As a result, these drugs had to be labeled with a new warning from the market. Greeks continue to state that â€Å"animal experience does not continue because of the great medical strides that are falsely attributed to it†. It is impossible for us to estimate how many useful drugs may have beenShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Is Wrong?1288 Words   |  6 Pages ANIMAL TESTING IS WRONG The words animal testing mean to perform procedures on living animals for the research of basic human biology and diseases, finding out the effectiveness of new medical products, and testing the human health and environmental safety of consumer and industry products like cosmetics, household cleaners, food additives, pharmaceuticals and industrial/agro-chemicals and means using other living organisms except humans for testing. All procedures, even those classifiedRead MoreAnimal Testing And Its Morality1283 Words   |  6 PagesARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY Every year in the United States of America more than 100 million helpless animals will suffer and die from malicious chemical, drug, food, and cosmetics tests. Rabbits, Cats, birds, reptiles and amphibians are not covered by the minimal protections of the Animal Welfare Act, so they go unnoticed towards the millions of sufferers. Millions of rodents, birds, rabbits, primates, felines, canines, and other types of animals are locked inside barren cages in laboratories acrossRead MoreIs Animal Testing Wrong or Right? Essay960 Words   |  4 Pagesall animal testing that is effective on animals are ineffective on humans (ASPCA). Despite this alarming statistic, scientists still use animals in these experiments. Scientist give the animals no choice in whether they or going to be used in an experiment. Animal testing is when scientist use products, vaccinations or other things they develop for humans and use on animals. Scientist use all types of animals, but the most common are rats, m ice, birds, reptiles and amphibians (ASPCA). Animal testingRead MoreAnimals Should Not Be Used For Biomedical Research1635 Words   |  7 PagesAnimals have been used from the beginning of time the ancient civilisations used animal testing to find answers to the unknown for example why do animals exist romans greeks simply dissected animals to have knowledge. Now days animals are used to understand basic human biology, so called â€Å"models† for studying human biology and disease. Improvements in human health, vaccines and medicines. Another type of animal use is for cosmetics. Even though people believe that biomedical research is a wayRead MoreThe Use Of Animals For Research Testing Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pagesother. With hundreds of topics to solve, there was one that stood out, animal testing. The use of animals for research testing is an issue that has been debated whether or not it is acceptable or not. Within this questionable topic, our main focus is on the researchers, animals, users, and environment. Terms that you may associate with animal testing would vary greatly, but there are some that can be used as an example such as testing, experiment, abuse, negligence, and acceptable. Have you ever thoughtRead MoreAnimal Abuse Happens All Across The World. Not Many People1576 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal abuse happens all across the world. Not many people are thinking about the harm done to animals each and every day, others don’t even care. There are many ways animal abuse can occur that many are not aware of, and some may be doing them and not even know it is abuse. Clothes made out of fur, animals in the circus, dogfighting, dogs chained up or tied to a rope in the owner’s yard, product testing, and whaling, are all examples of abuse. Even animals in some zoos are getting abuse. AnimalRead MoreUsing Animals In Research And To Test Products Has Been1623 Words   |  7 PagesUsing animals in research and to test products h as been a topic of heated debate for many years. Animals have contributed to research and we have found many cures to diseases that would have otherwise killed us. Many individuals view animals as companions that exhibit emotion and have a personality, they’re not viewed as lab subjects. The fact remains that animals are utilized by research facilities and cosmetics companies, not just across the country but around the entire world. Although humansRead MoreAnimal Testing And Biological Experiments1308 Words   |  6 PagesAnimals, humans, alike are thinking breathing and emotional creatures that habit this beautiful Earth. Every year over 100 million animals die from animal testing and biological experiments (Peta.) Animals may not be able to reason or talk, but they can suffer. They feel pain and fear similarly to the way humans do, in fact their reactions to pain are almost identical. Therefore should not be taken advantage of or used as test dummies. The consequence of te sting on animals for the greater good doesRead MoreEssay on Results of Animal Testing783 Words   |  4 Pageshumanity, multitude amounts of animals are mistreated and eradicated during animal testing. Because testing on animals has become a law throughout the world, a lot of scientists have not realized the immortality that has been put upon the animals. Is it fair to test cosmetics and potential carcinogens on animals? During each year, millions of animals are tested on for biomedical research, chemical testing and training (Lee Bowman 2011). Testing cosmetics and chemicals on animals is catastrophic becauseRead MoreAnimal Testing Is A Global Concern894 Words   |  4 Pagestypes of animal species are subjects for many scientific and research based experiments. Figure 1, shows how much of each group of animals are used in the testing. Over 75% of the animals used in research are mice followed by fish, amphibians, birds and the reptiles and other rodents and rabbits are used the less. Animal testing is a global concern that is being faced all over the world. This practice involves the injection of drugs, chemicals and other substances into millions of animals on a daily

Effects of Global Warming-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Global Warming. Answer: Introduction: According to NASA.gov, (2007) global warming is an unusual and rapid increase in the surface temperature of Earth that has been observed over the last century, due to the release of greenhouse gasses by the burning of fossil fuels. It has been estimated that from 1906 to 2005, the global average surface temperature have risen by 0.6 to 0.9 degree Celsius, and in the last 50 years, the rate of increase in temperature has nearly doubles, and it seems certain that the temperatures will keep on soaring (Global Warming, 2017). The greenhouse gases are responsible for the absorption of the heat radiated by our sun, and keep the surface of the planet warm, which highlights the beneficial role of the greenhouse gases. However, an excessive amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation have resulted in the environment being affected adversely, and resulted in drastic increase in global temperatures and and related environmental change s. Savante Arrhenius (1859-1927) pointed out that burning of fossil fuels in the year 1896 marked the beginning of the adverse effects of greenhouse gases on Earth. The massive release of these gases in the atmosphere has contributed to the phenomenon of global warming. This rise in temperature have caused significant negative effects on the environment (causing global changes in environmental patterns) and human life (effected by the ensue of these environmental changes). Studies have shown that since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide levels have increased by 38% and methane by 148% as of 2009 (Global Warming, 2017). Studies by the World Health Organization have shown that the number of disasters related to weather and environment has tripled since 1960s, and caused more than 60,000 human casualties, every year, mostly in developing countries. The studies also show that the number of deaths to rise to 250,000 per year, from 2030 to 2050. The rising temperatures also causes melting of the glaciers and rise in sea level, and changes the precipitation patterns, which increases the prevalence of extreme weather conditions or changes(Climate change and health, 2017). Therefore it is pertinent to engage in precautionary actions to prevent such environmental catastrophes. Thesis Statement: Global warming, overconsumption and overutilization of resources, and an increased waste distribution have an overall negative impact on the environment and the planet. Global warming has negative impacts on our planet and the effects are increasing on a daily basis as the rate of greenhouse effect increases. Other causes include over consumption or over utilization of the existing natural resources where the available resources are less than the available population, environment footprint and increased waste distribution by humans. Effects of global warming causes climate change, the rise of sea level and pollution. To solve these underlying problems caused by global warming on our environment, each one of us should stand strong and unite to help come up with a solution important to protect our planet not to be destroyed and also improve human survival. Narration: Root et al., (2003), pointed out that the scientific studies of the climatic changes started in the early 19th century, century where natural changes and ice ages were initially noticed together with the greenhouse effect evolution. Scientists have argued that the climatic changes are triggered by an increased atmospheric pressure due to an increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Different theories of climate change (like solar variations and volcanism) were developed to explain these changes in weather patterns. The effects of global warming became evident in the 1960s as the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide increased, and scientists pointed out that the anthropogenic emissions of pollution can be reduced, to alleviate the adverse effects on the environment that were recorded by them. Various researches conducted by scientists made clear that climate change is a significant change relating to developing weather patterns over specific periods ranging from days, mon ths, years and even decades and is caused by various factors like oceanic processes among others. The Global Warming Effect has unfavorable and abnormal effects on human life, especially since it also relates to air pollution, which has a significant health risk entailed. Additionally, a rise in the sea level (due to melting glaciers), and a damage to the environmental properties (that are important for development) and in increase wastage of important resources causes an overall negative effect on the planet. Argument against the adverse effects of Global Warming: While its true that global warming is effecting the earth and humans, some people think that its just part of the natural process, that will alleviate over time, as is seen in cases of extreme weather conditions and temperature rise, and can be considered as a natural process. However, scientists point out that the rate of climate change relating to global warming is far much higher than that of the natural causes and impacts on our planet and humans life. Humans daily activities relating to their environments contribute directly to the increasing level of global warming as a result of their unhealthy effects on the environments. This includes throwing away plastic materials and other substances that cannot be readily recycled, over utilization of the natural resources and distribution of e-wastes on the environment. According to Poirier (2007), research carried out by a group of climatologists from the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) illustrated that gases that prod uce the greenhouse effect are generated by human beings making them responsible for the increasing rates of global warming. Many humans lived in areas that did not have dump sites where they were supposed to dump the toxic products and instead they just disposed even in the areas where they lived. Freeman (2000), states that the number of African Americans who lived in areas with at least one toxic dumping site has increased to more than 15 million as it was the case in 1987 making the waste issue even more serious. Agriculture waste as well as industrial waste place threats in the United States coastal waters as they result to pollution hence upsetting the level of natural imbalance that encourages global warming (Jason Thomson, 2016). Reports by United Nations Environment Program on September 3rd, 2016 shows that toxic pollutants like petrol or fertilizer, bacteria, viruses and other micro-organisms have increased water pollution in rivers across the three continents with more than half of the number, while the level of salinity rose with almost a third, which further increases the adverse effects on human life and environment. According to Rataj (2016), effects of global warming on human health in some of the high income countries, have been extensive to a level in which they result to mental health disorders that greatly affect humanity. Increasing air, ocean temperatures, rising sea levels and melting of ice are some of the observable changes taking place on earth today. This may take place over time as the climate continues to warm leading to increasing number of effects on both the environment as well as in human life (Reese, 2016). This makes the adverse effects of global warming on the health of both humans and animals, as well as on the environment. According to Dan (2017), an increase in temperature (and heat waves) is linked to cardiovascular diseases and respiratory problems in humans. Example, the heat wave at Chicago in the year 1995 resulted to death of more than 500 humans and more than 35,000 humans in that of Europe in the year 2003. From these two heat wave events, we learn that natural deaths caused by natural disasters are experienced even in the high income countries as pointed out by Romeo (Monastersky, 2007). Rebuttal: I believe that Global Warming is a natural phenomenon; however anthropogenic interventions have accelerated this process. This has been caused due to activities like improper disposal of non-recyclable garbage, depletion of natural resources by overconsumption. Climate Change Deniers lie Donald Trump argues that the effect of global warming (which is supported by different scientific evidences) is a hoax, has no basis, since human activities have a major impact on global warming effect. This have resulted in several conflicts, and policy changes that fails to take into consideration the adverse effects of global warming, and ultimately delaying efforts to mitigate the risks. . As a cycle process influenced by nature and with contribution of humans to increasing it, natural climatic change influences cannot record more levels than what is being recorded from humans contribution (Aldy, 2017). Increasing temperature of the atmospheric pressure is not as a result of the solar contributio ns but as a result of greenhouse effect gases consisting mainly carbon dioxide (Jones, 2012). As discovered by scientists, the level of heat in the air changes with increasing atmospheric pressure while that of the solar remain constant and predictable. It must also be noted that solar heat does not at any time cause health problems in humans or animals unless in extreme cases where one may have a condition like a skin disease among others. Foo (2016) argued that climate change is the most observed issue and considered as a critical environmental hazard, effecting both the environment as well as the organisms (humans and animals) living in it. Due to such considerations scientists have suggested on the necessity for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions at different levels (like reduction in the usage of fossil fuels, opting for alternative sources of energy, reducing wastage of resources and energy). This is important to help revive the well- being of the environment and that of hu man survival at all bases. Educating on how to protect environment is also an effective approach to reduce the effects of global warming. Conclusion: The stewardship over the environment involves the input of every single person on this earth to help solve the present issue of enormous global warming. Global warming has been a threat on both the human life and our surroundings; as a result there are various changes that have been taking place in the environment for the longest time. Human activities like poor waste disposal and other environmental footprint issues, which add to greenhouse gases productions must be stopped and managed by strict government rules. This way it will be easy to protect and maintain the environment for future generation and guard ourselves against diseases resulting from the ozone layer destruction and others as a result of humans living in the polluted environments. References: Aldy, J. E. (2017). Real world headwinds for Trump climate change policy.Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,73(6), 376-381. doi:10.1080/00963402.2017.1388673 Arrhenius, G., Caldwell, K., World, S. (2008). A tribute to the memory of Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927): A scientist ahead of his time. IVA. Climate change and health. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 7 December 2017, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs266/en/ Dan, V. (2017). Future heat waves will be worse, report says.USA Today. Foo, D. Y., Tan, R. R. (2016). A review on process integration techniques for carbon emissions and environmental footprint problems.Process Safety Environmental Protection: Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers Part B,103(Part B), 291-307. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2015.11.007 Freeman, K. A. (2000, January 27). National Black environmental group declares state of emergency on environmental racism and economic injustice.New York Amsterdam News. p. 5. Global Warming : (2017).Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 7 December 2017, from https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/GlobalWarming/page2.php Jason Thomson, S. (2016, July). How can industrial-scale agriculture reduce its environmental footprint?Christian Science Monitor. p. N.PAG. Jones, J. (2012). NASA: Human Activity, Not Solar Activity, Driving Global Warming.Civil Engineering (08857024),82(4), 32. Monastersky, R. (2007, April 20). Climate Panel Issues Dark Predictions for Effects of Global Warming.Chronicle of Higher Education. p. A23. Poirier, J. (2007, February 8). U.S. silent on L'Appel de Paris.New York Amsterdam News. p. 2. Rataj, E., Kunzweiler, K., Garthus-Niegel, S. (2016). Extreme weather events in developing countries and related injuries and mental health disorders - a systematic review.BMC Public Health,16(1), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-3692-7 Reese, A. (2016). Sea Level Rise.Discover,37(6), 46-49. Anticipatory measures to allay climate change ruins.Technology Times. Root, T. L., Price, J. T., Hall, K. R., Schneider, S. H., Rosenzweig, C., Pounds, J. A. (2003). Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants. Nature, 421(6918), 57-60. World Health Organization, UNAIDS. (2006). Air quality guidelines: global update 2005. World Health Organizatio

How do you respond to the view that Michael Symmon Essays

How do you respond to the view that Michael Symmons Roberts presents modern love as empty of romance? It is possible to agree with the view that Symmons Roberts presents modern love as empty of romance, as he portrays the lack of romance and lust surrounding the feminine form through further use of the map metaphor used by Donne in Elegy XIX: to his mistress going to bed. Symmons Roberts juxtaposes Donne's romantic description of the female body; "as your mistress strips for bed, her body is already mapped". This abrupt continuation and use of the word "mapped" connotes unpleasant ownership of the female body. Moreover, this is further conveyed through the use of a declarative statement;"it is a textbook of disease". The use of the word "textbook" implies a lack of complexity or excitement as a written piece, but something plain and lacking intrigue. In addition, the use of the word "disease" heavily implies the female body is abhorred and disgusting,Thus juxtaposing John Donne's romantic portrayal of his mistress, who described her body as a "mystic book". The implication of disease further connotes Symmons Roberts interest in DNA and gene patenting and the influence of modern knowledge on genetics,adopting the perspective of a biologist rather than a romantic (like Donne). This is further conveyed at the end of the poem, through the list of DNA codes from the BRCA1 gene, which has connections with breast cancer. Symmons Roberts debases the facade of the mistress' body conveyed by Donne, instead depicting a grotesque perspective on the feminine body. Although this presentation of the female body is atypical of love poems, this vulgar presentation of women is also portrayed in Seamus Heaney's Punishment when describing Windeby; "shaved head like a black corn", conveying that both authors may be seeking to portray the truth of love instead of romanticising. However, this may be interpreted as a criticism by Symmons Roberts, it may not be his own personal view but the view of modern society. Furthermore, it is possible to agree with the view that Symmons Roberts presents modern love as empty of romance as he conveys that the romantic notion of discovery of your partner within a relationship, as conveyed by John Donne in Elegy XIX to his mistress going to bed, is a facade. Symmons Roberts directly addressed John Donne "you call her your America-too right". The use of "your America" conveys a sense of perceived ownership, as a reference to Donne's infamous description; "Oh my America! My new found land!". Through this direct address, Symmons Roberts may be implying that Donne's (and males universally) perceived self discovery of their lover is naive. This is further conveyed through Symmons Roberts use of alliteration; "mastered by medics, laid bare." The use of hyperbole "mastered" almost conveys a satirical tone; his mistress has been studied and discovered in depth enough to be mastered biologically and academically. The references to geographical discovery within love further convey each author's perspective in respect to their culture; Donne represents the relevance of geographical discovery at the time, and the mystery surrounding the discovery of America, whereas Symmons Roberts portrays the modern relevance of science and genetic patenting, in a society where America is well known and established. Futhermore, Symmons Roberts debases the illusion of intimacy and romance within modern love, as he writes; "banker's tired of gold have bought a piece of her and you." The language "bought" connotes materialism and quantification of both partners within the relationship, implying that there is no privacy or romance, that love is owned. PARA 2 = DISCOVERY MAPS CHARTS ALL KNOWN SCIENTIFIC NOT ROMANTIC

The Impact of Computers on Careers essays

The Impact of Computers on Careers essays Computers are the future whether we like it or not. Some people dislike computers, because of the complications it takes to understand the basics. Computers are not exactly the easiest tools to work with, but they are the most rewarding, and they are the future. Future cars will all be run by computer. You will be able to talk to a car and it will take you to your destination. Telephones are technically computerized. You will soon be able to talk to a person on the telephone as well as look at the person you are talking to on a television set. Also, television is computerized. Soon we will have true three-dimensional television. We will be able to watch television like we never have watched it before. We will be able to touch the characters and feel the characters like they were in the room with you. For people who don't know much about computers, you will be lost in the future. You should learn what you can while you still have the chance because things will develop too quickly for you and you will not be able to cope with new technological events. Computers will fall into careers and our everyday life more rapidly then you think. Perhaps you would like to be a teacher. You will store all class data, students work, names, grades, records all accessible by computer. Or, how about a doctor. You will use computers to examine and evaluate a patients problem quicker and more efficiently. These are only a few examples. The bottom line is, computers provide worthwhile careers. Having a job that involves computers, in terms of the conditions, is very much similar to an office job. In most of the common jobs, the worker will get to an office in the morning, sit at a desk, in front of a computer, and will do very little manual labor except a lot of typing. For example, the computer consultant we have already mentioned might do several jobs, a few being: Traveling to clients computers, writing customized programs, repairing computer part...

The roll of a judge is similar to that of a referee Essay

The roll of a judge is similar to that of a referee - Essay Example In a game, the referee controls the proceedings, making sure that the players follow all the rules of the game, and that they play it within the scope and gamut of the rules. Similarly, in court proceedings a judge plays the pivotal role of applying and interpreting the laws and resolving disputes arising under them. Thus, it can be stated that the role of a judge is similar to that of a referee. Every game has a set of rules, which dictates how the game will be played. When it is being played between two different players or teams, disputes may arise. Therefore, someone has to supervise the game and intervene when a rule is broken, to ensure that it is played in a fair manner and the participants follow stipulated rules. The judge functions in a similar way under the judicial system to ensure that the laws are followed and justice is served to the parties involved without bias and prejudices. It is incumbent upon both the judge and the referee that they avoid discrimination, and promote equality. In order to be effective in their roles both have to possess an in-depth knowledge of the relevant rules and should be in a position to explain the rules if questioned. This makes the role of a judge comparable to that of a referee because they judge a game in the context of the rules governing it and assess penalties or award punishments for violations. In order for a judge to be effective in his role of safeguarding justice he should be able to act independently outside of any influences so that he can carry out the verdict within the limits of the law, and hand down a judgment that meets the ends of natural justice. The Constitution of every democratic country recognizes the independence of judges by guaranteeing them liberty to take decisions and making the judicial branch as a separate entity distinct from other branches of the government. Judges interpret laws and make decisions but they don’t impose their

Financial Research Report for Ford Motor Company Paper

Financial Report for Ford Motor Company - Research Paper Example The company, at present, is one of the biggest producers of cars and trucks at a global level. The different brands of Ford Company vehicles include Ford, Lincoln, Mercury and its redesigned Ford Mustang and the F-Series pickup which have been very successful. The company also possesses interest in Mazda and commands the Volvo nameplate. Ford Motor Company has 95 plants spread throughout the world with 41 distribution centers and warehouses. It also has 50 engineering, research and development centers. The company carries its operations under the two sections namely, Automotive and Financial Services. For the year ended on December 31, 2008, Ford traded the ACH glass business to Zeledyne, LLC. The Nashville, Tulsa, and VidrioCar plants were also included in this sale. In the year 2008, Ford and its subsidiary, the Volvo Car Corporation sold the Thai-Swedish Assembly Group to Volvo Holding Sverige, AB. The company was able to acquire 72.4% of the shares of S.C. Automobile Craiova SA in March 2008. The sale of the company's Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors Limited took place in June 2008. The share value of Ford has reached $1.56. Steny Hoyer, the House Majority Leader told the Fox News Sunday that he expects that the plans of the companies will win governmental aid. However, its accountability and feasibility are yet to be seen in the long run. But the Republican leader Mr. John Boehner was sceptical about these plans. He remarked that it was a matter of convincing the American tax payers that the government was financing a viable corporation. The following is the stock activity of the company: Stock Activity Last Price 6.11 52 Week High 6.75 52 Week Low 1.01 Volume 54.58 Mil Average Daily Volume (13wk) 102.05 Mil 50 Day Moving Average 5.19 200 Day Moving Average 3.31 Volatility (beta) 2.55 F Intraday Chart 5d 1m 3m 1y 3y 5y 10y Beta 2.55 Dividend & Yield NA Earnings/Share -7.03 Forward P/E -15.28 Market Cap. 19.39 Bil P/E -0.86 Return on Equity NA Total Shares Out. 3.17 Bil Financial data in U.S. dollars (Source: http://moneycentral.msn.com /detail/stock_ quote'Symbol=F, retrieved on 14th June, 2009) Ford Motor must strive hard to find out new strategies to make the company progressive. That is what the Democrats told the executives of the major three companies last week, when they sought an emergency financial aid of $25 billion. They were told by the Democratic leaders to submit new proposals with bailout plans to Congress on 2nd December. On getting the proposals they would hold hearings for voting on it the next week. Stock Charts (2009-06-14) Ford Motor The companies have to prepare a plan as to how the governmental loans will be utilised and period for which the financial loans are required. In order to get these loans the companies must forego the payment of dividends and the huge amount of executive compensation. (http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Investing/Dispatch/market- dispatches-112408.aspx, retrieved on 14th June, 2009) Ratio analysis Gross Profit Margin 19.4% EBIT Margin -5.1% EBITDA Margin 4.4% Pre-Tax Profit Margin -12.8% Current Ratio 2.4 Quick Ratio 1.9 Receivables Turnover 1.2 Inventory Turnover 11.2 Asset Turnover 0.5 Revenue to Assets

Growth of a Business Essay Example for Free

Growth of a Business Essay When a business grows in size it will need more staff to carry out:- *Existing jobs e.g. in a chocolate factory it may need more people to operate the production lines it it moves from 4 to 5 lines. *New jobs e.g. if a company expands to overseas it will need to recruit staff who are capable of speaking foreign languages. When existing jobs are being expanded, human resource specialists simply need to copy existing practice on a larger scale. They can do this by interviewing more people and advertising more widely etc. More detailed thought is needed if new jobs are to be created. This is even more important if the jobs being created are different to the jobs that already exist within the company. If Norwich Airport they would need to employ a lot more security guards. This would be due to the increased numbers of passengers going through the airport and the terminals. If Norwich Airport started to fly to new destinations they would need new staff who could speak the language of the country. They could do this training their existing staff to speak the languages or they could recruit externally people already with the capability to speak those languages. CHANGING JOB ROLES WITHIN THE BUSINESS In recent years there has been a decline in standardised jobs. The change of a job role is usually down to changing and advancing technology. This involves employees taking more responsibility in decision making. This is known as empowerment. The development of new jobs requires a lot of research. Looking at the best practice in an industry often does this. Sometimes it is done by looking at the development of new jobs particularly in the USA. FILLING VACANCIES CREATED BY RESIGNATION, RETIREMENT OR DISMISSAL Vacancies come about for a number of reasons. This could include retirement, dismissal, expansion or even death. When some body moves on it is normally necessary to replace them. Before this is done the company will need to decide if it would be best to get a employee similar to the previous one or if it would be best to to get someone with new skills because the job has moved on and more skills are required to carry the job out properly. In some cases this has effected Norwich Airport. In some extreme cases they have had to dismiss employees who have lied about foreign languages they can speak. When Norwich Airport first opened, they only offered flights to a few select countries. But since then they have expanded and a far wider range of flights are now offered. With this they have a lot more people using them rather than using the larger London airports or the near by Luton airport. With the extra money they are still thinking of expanding even more in the near future. In some cases the job that has become available does not always need to be filled. There are amny factors that Norwich Airport takes into account before deciding whether or not a replacement is required. They will always consider: * Is there still a need for that job? * Do the benefits derived from this job justify the total cost of filling it? E.g. advertising, salary, training etc. * Is it essential that the vacancy is filled immediately? * Rather than employing a new member of staff would it be best to reorganise the workload within the company/department to cover the position. * Will the job need to be full or part time? * Will there still be the need for this job in 12 or 18 months time? Is the post likely to be affected by current or future organisational changes or different work methods. Will the job therefore be temporary or permanent? And for this reason will there need to be a fixed term contract. INTERNAL PROMOTION There is always the opportunity for internal promotion. This is a good form of motivation as it gives employees something to aim for within the organisation. This should make the employee try to impress in his current job rather than looking else where outside of the company. But if an employee is to be promoted, then someone else would have to be employed to cover their previous position. It is extremely important that the right candidate is selected. The recruitment process can be extremely costly. To set up an effective recruitment process it takes a great deal of time. Once a job has become vacant it is very important that the company should then analyse the job. This is when they will decide what will be entailed in the available job. How to advertise, sift through the applications, checking which applications best meet the criteria, interviewing candidates and then the most important, selecting the best candidate. When a job becomes available at Norwich airport they decide whether to recruit internally or externally. From our meeting I discovered that 50% of the time they will recruit internally only, and the other 50% they will recruit internally and externally. They often decide to recruit internally only because they can save a lot of money. They save a lot on advertising costs and it normally takes them less time to train the employee if they already have some experience working within the airport. Often they have noticed that when an employee knows that there is the chance of promotion it enhances their rate and quality of work because it acts as a motivator. However they have also found disadvantages when recruiting within the company. They have to replace the person who has been promoted, this means that they have ended up advertising for two jobs instead of just the one. In the past they have had arguments and disputes or another employee has been upset that someone else has been promoted instead of them. However, from our meeting I understood that their better employees in the past were ones who had been promoted as a pose to the ones who had been employed externally. This has always been the case when they have been first employed because they have a better understanding of the business. NEW POST Sometimes rather than a current post becoming available a new post all together may become vacant. But before the new post is confirmed it must be approved in the companies budget. This may not be the case and a supplementary budget will have to be applied for. If this is not the case then the recruitment process will be unable to go ahead. There must be available work space and enough available equipment for the new person. If all of the above are ok, then Norwich Airport decide on a realistic start date. When this is decided upon, the airport would work backwards from this date to plan each stage of recruitment. Below is a realistic time plan for Norwich Airport if they were to advertise externally. A typical time plan would be for about 3 months. 21 January complete staff vacancy request form and hand into human resources department. 22 January write job description and interview report form, allowing time for the approval of the line manager. Pepare advert and job particulars. HUMAN RESOURCES MUST BE NOTIFIED THAT THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS HAS BEEN STARTED! 2 February send the above papers to human resources. 9 February if appropriate the job will be evaluated. Human resources will book space and send advert to media. 16 February the advert will appear. Interview dates and panel members must be decided upon. 18 February applicants respond. 4 March closing date for response from potential applicants. 7 March final candidates are shortlisted. 8 March candidates are contacted to arrange interviews. 15/16 March interviews take place. 17 March the post is offered to the successful candidate. 17 April after one month notice period the candidate would start.