A Bout De Souffle :: A bout de souffle Jean-Luc Godard

A bout de souffle, Jean-Luc Godards eerste feature take aim (1960), heeft een vrij simpele verhaallijn, dat geschreven is door vroegere collega en vriend Francois Truffaut Een man steelt een auto in Marseilles en rijdt naar Parijs. Tijdens deze rit wordt de hoofdpersoon, Michel Poiccard, aangehouden door de politie wegens het overschrijden train de maximum snelheid, waarna hij een agent neerschiet en rennend verder gaat naar de lichtstad. In Parijs moet hij geld ophalen bij een vriend van hem en probeert hij een Amerikaanse vrouw, Patricia, over te halen om mee te vertrekken naar Rome. Zij twijfelt over haar liefde voor Michel, wat resulteert in verraad, aangezien ze uiteindelijk, wanneer ze op het punt staan Parijs te verlaten, de politie informeert over het adres waar Michel op dat moment zich bevindt. In plaats van te vluchten besluit Michel te blijven en op de politie te wachten om naar de gevangenis te gaan. Maar wanneer de politie arriveert, werpt een vriend een pistool naar hem in een laatste poging hem te redden. De politie raakt in paniek en schiet Michel neer, waarna hij wankelend door de straten loopt om uiteindelijk aan het einde door zijn knien te zakken en te sterven.Dit is in grote lijn het verhaal in A Bout de Souffle en hoewel de film amuserend kan zijn zonder een poging te ondernemen de film te analyseren, kan de status van meesterwerk alleen begrepen worden door een analyse van zijn historische context. We moeten, vooral in een film als A Bout de Souffle, proberen de cinematografische stijlen in Europa en Amerika in 1960 te begrijpen.Er zijn drie aan elkaar gerelateerde feiten over Godard en zijn A Bout de Souffle die de film tot een nieuw historische mijlpaal maken op het gebied van de kunst (met name de audiovisuele kunst). ten dollar bill eerste, was Godard extreem bewust van de relatie van zijn medium met andere vormen van expressie. Vooral literatuur, filosofie en de schilderkunst. In zijn stijl valt deze interconnectiviteit tussen de verschillende media duidelijk op te merken. In een interview in 1962 zegt hij Voor mij is de continuteit van alle vormen van expressie erg belangrijk. Ten tweede, hoewel A Bout de Souffle een enorme afkeer kent van de geaccepteerde methodes van cinematografie, kende Godard zijn plek in de evolutie van filmstijl, en kunnen we zien dat deze afkeer een manifestatie is van het bewust zijn van die geaccepteerde norm.

Correlations between Biology and Male Homosexuality Essay -- Science S

Correlations Between Biology and Male HomosexualityHomosexuality, one of the many different sexual behaviors exhibited by humankind, has been rejected, persecuted, and denied. Are the studies that attempt to find causation moral? Is this search for the why of homosexuality a continuation of the heterosexist assumption that heterosexuality is normal and homosexuality vicarious? Are assumptions being made that homosexuality is a disease and should therefore be treated medically? Is the research currently being done heterosexist? Studies that atomic number 18 being performed currently and those done in the recent past have shown that there are strong connections between male homosexuality and biological science. By presenting the scientifically significant studies that I have come across, I intend to reduce the ignorance surrounding homosexuality and the behaviors often found with it, and to show some of the correlations between biology and male homosexuality. Throughout my research of homosexuality, I wavered back and forth, debating the morality of this search for a cause. It seemed that conclusion a cause for homosexuality was somewhat akin to finding the cause for a disease. Unhappy with the association of homosexuality with abnormality, I wondered why scientists were allowed to place homosexuals at such a level. On one hand, with biology stand-in up gay men and women, the fight for equality and basic human rights could be won more quickly. Although science and society have progressed significantly since the old age of Nazi Germany, when homosexuality was thought to come about through seduction and mind-traps, critics of the current scientific curiosity with homosexuality consider every study and try an effort to strengthen the argument tha... ...ce of linkage to micro satellite markers on the X-Chromosome in a Canadian study, poster presentation at the International honorary society of Sex Research, Provincetown, MA, 1995Slimp, J. C., B.L. Hart, and R. W. Goy, Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior among adult male rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions, Brain Research 142105-122 (1978).Soulairac, A. and M. L. Soulairac, Effets de lsions hypothalamiques sur le comportement sexuel et le tractus gnital du rat male, Annales dEndocrinologie (Paris) 17731-745 (1956).Stein, Edward. The Mismeasure of Desire The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Orientation. New York Oxford University Press, 1999.Whitman, F.L., M. Diamond, and J. Marin, Homosexual orientation in twins A report on 61 pairs and triad triplet sets, Archives of Sexual Behavior 22187-206 (1993).

Arthur Millers Presentation Of John Proctors Moral Journey Essay

Examine Arthur Millers Presentation Of John Proctors Moral Journey - The melting pot by Arthur MillerThe Crucible by Arthur Miller is a play based upon an Americansettlement during the late 1600s. It is centred most actual eventsfrom history to enterprise to portray the way of life in this era. Miller haschosen the confusion of the witch trials of this time, to provide abase for the struggles of his main character, John Proctor.At the ancestor of the play the focus is laid mainly on introducingthe main characters and storyline, but as the script unfolds, it get under ones skins clear that John Proctor is the main character, something not direct obvious from the beginning. It is how Miller presents anddemonstrates Proctors moral journey throughout the play, and thedifferent channels he uses to do this that I will focus on.Act One actually only sets the scene for the play by portraying thedifferent characters in the Salem and how their ways of life revolve just aboutly around the c hurch and their religion. The inhabitants can forthe most part be sectioned off into three groups the establishedfigures, eg. Rev. Parris the citizens, and people who have in theoryearned their status, eg. Francis and Rebecca Nurse and theoutsiders, eg. Rev. Hale. This set-up seems to work well until theevents of the play, when people become separated by their views, andeveryone begins blaming others for their shortcomings in order tomaintain their authority and status. The main power in the villagebeing the church, naturally the Rev. Parris will do anything to bread and butterhis position, especially as Miller informs us that his character feelsthat for some reason everyone in the world is against him, and hislife is jus... ... which he wasinnocent. At the very end, when he knew what would materialise to him,Proctor refused to publish a lie about himself, or admit to a sin hedid not commit. This shows at least some rarity of pride was left,even after everything he had been throu gh - and this is what saves himin the end. It makes him realise that John Proctor wasnt as evil ashe had thought, that, like everyone else, he was a mixture, and nowwith absolutely nothing to hide. Possibly, this act may cancel outJohns adultery, especially as there is a lot of confusion around whatare actually evil acts, and what are just natural flaws andinstincts. Elizabeth says right at the end of the play,He have his goodness now. God forbid I plight it from him..This suggests goodness and reconciliation in Proctors act, as theonce shallow and indecisive John, is finally decisive.

Essay --

Study has identified the attachment patterns as secure, anxious/preoccupied and avoidant in children. These attachment patterns can contract a positive or negative impact on the quality of their future romantic relationships. Romantic relationship quality is one of the most master(prenominal) relationships in adulthood. When individuals smooth in love their attachment style is already in place and operating. An earning of adult attachment is important to begin to understand the effects of attachment patterns on relationships. It contributes significantly to a personal well-being. Based on childrens behaviors during their mothers presence, absence, and return patterns attachment styles may likewise be transfer to the romantic partner during adult relationships (Feldman, 2011). Both children and adults feel anxious when separated from their attachment figures be nearby. Adult romantic attachment relationships are made clear by proximity-seeking, safe haven and secure ba se. (Brumbaugh, Fraley, Heffernan, & Vicary, 2012). Seeking proximity with their romantic partners may be useless and avoidant people may undertake to keep a distance from others and remain independent. Romantic partners are overly sensitive to proximity of their partners and signs as a possible threat. Individuals work extremely herculean to maintain keep outness with their romantic partner and have exaggerated negative emotions when they fail to do so. Adult attachment patterns are the foundation of individuals understanding and expectations around relationships and directs their social interactions. Anxiety and avoidance attachments are two of the most common factors in romantic relationships. Anxious attachments is describe by the desire to be close with others a... ...m to maintain the relationship. Adolescents with avoidant and anxious attachment patterns have a greater conflict in opposite sex relationships (Miga, Hare, Allen, & Manning, 2010). Attachment theor y is used to predict if genius individuals out of a group would date or enter a act romantic relationship in the future. Anxious individuals showed eagerness to commit and fall in love with a romantic partner. Avoidant attached individuals were shy about commitment and fall in love. Prior involvement in a committed romantic relationships and self-perceived physical attractiveness are part of dating assessment success. As part of the research men show their desire for greater indecorum in order to start a relationship. Women show a greater desire to start a family. Both men and women are most presumable to live together or get married (Schindler, Fagundes, & Murdock

Mull :: essays research papers

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Mull :: essays research papers

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Reliving a Memory through a Successful Narration Essay

People weave hundreds of stories throughout the course of their lives. Most of them are experiences that brought fear, embarrassment or changes in their lives. More often than not, these stories are shared with other people in one way or some other. Telling a story fag end be done through several ways. You do-nothing re-enact the scenario to tell a story. You do-nothing utter words that mark the incident or you just can put words into writing to form a memorial. Before you put your story into writing, there are two things that need to be done visualizing and planning. precedent to writing your narration, you should visualize the story. You yourself should be able to relive the scene in your mind to help you in coming up with the right words to describe the scenario. Then, you should plan on how you going about your story. Each part of your story is preceded by another. You should be able to prepare on how you would relate the previous scenario to the legitimate one. Once you have visualized and planned for your narration, you are now ready to put your story into writing.Writing a narration involves a series of move that could help the writer create a vivid picture of his experiences in life. Only when the reader is able to form clear mental images of each scenario can the narration be considered successful. The first step involves choosing the important details. You should totally emphasize on important points of your story. Minor details should simply be de-emphasized or outback(a) entirely. If you are telling about the time you won the lottery, then you should not dwell into details about the dinner you had before find out your win.You should only give emphasis on your initial reaction, on the reaction of the people around you, and on how you planned to spend your winnings. The use of a chronological install comprises the next step. Oftentimes, the best stories are told in the order in which they occur. This order helps the reader better understan d the story as it unfolds. Centering on negate is what the third step tells the writer to do in order to weave a successful narrative. These conflicts may either deal with inner dilemmas or with another person. It may also include conflicts with an impersonal outside force.In each story revolving around a conflict, the resolution of the conflict marks the end of the story. screening the reader what happened is the fourth step. It is usually better to give the readers a visualization of the significant moments in the narration rather than telling the story. You can do so by using a detailed description of the event and each character participating in that even. However, using a dialogue has the strongest effect on the reader that it does not only make the reader see what is happening. It also makes the reader feel the emotions in the story.The next step involves making a point. It is simply important to have a point that would rationalize the existence of your story. You should pre sent your point using a sentence. Telling a story can be done in various forms. However, one of the most common forms involves writing. Putting your story into writing is simple however making it a successful narration entails extra work. In order come up with a vivid picture of your story, there are steps which could be followed to ensure that the reader do not only see but also feel the emotions in the story.

DOTA Addiction Essay

Playing racys is a natural part of growing. Its one way that kids learn to socialize, compete, to fulfil their craving ego, to entertain, to have enjoyment and some condemnations to escape from depression. Computer and online games, in most instances, are no more dangerous than other games, which kids play outdoors. But sometimes, computer and online games with the touch of red-brick technology, it become more than just play. They become an habituation. And when they become an addiction, it will be hard for the parents and to them to end what has been started. Computer games are slowly arousing and it is one of the things that bring the minus effect. Many people are playing and having so much fun with this that digest be a form of entertainment.One of those addicting games is Defense of the Ancients (commonly known as DOTA) is a real-time online or LAN strategy computer game composing of two to ten or twelve players where you can choose from over ninety unique characters you c an play on. It requires focus, strategy, quick hands and quick thinking when you are in difficult situations. The objective of the scenario is to destroy the opponents Ancient. The two ancient teams are heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map.The game is very popular in the world in the Philippines and Thailand. It is also one of the most well-known computer games being played in Sweden and other Northern European countries. By these reasons, the popularity of this game has increase over time not only with these countries being mentionedbut it has been getting more popular all over the world.As DOTA arises, many issues also arise. It may be somewhat on relationships, peers, foes, and most especially, education. Many critics worldwide are arguing about the real effects of playing DOTA considering that many people especially teenagers are getting addicted on this computer game. They said, this is a mind numbing entertainment for everyone and produces a socially is olated people and promotes violent behaviours. Some of these criticisms may or may not be true. In the Philippines, DOTA is being played not only by teenager but also by the kids that made this as a big concern for parents.At their young age they are more prone on getting addicted on playing this game and might get out of focus to their studies and would lost their interests in playing physical and traditional games like tumbang preso, luksang baka, patintero, and many more. There are many students and in time some young professionals that are addicted to DOTA. When time spent on the computer, playing DOTA games it reaches a point that it harms a childs or pornographics family and social relationships. Neither can disrupt school nor work life.Chapter II Background of the ProblemThis action research is intended to prevent the addiction of the minors in playing computer games specifically DOTA. We have included negative and positive effects of the game, its advantage and disadvanta ges and some professional advices. Online games like DOTA can be a good social platform of the minors if it was directed in a good way. The positive effects of playing DOTA are for the young to communicate teenagers who initially dont know each other can easily be friends, they will also learn to strategize and boost their reflexes for DOTA is for anguish ones.Gaming Addiction a Mental Disorder?The American Psychiatric Association (APA) adds Internet Gaming Addiction asone of the potential disorders that ineluctably to be treated. And they are hoping for more clinical research to formally include it on the list. Should it be considered as such? Here are some arguments and counter-arguments regarding gambol addiction.

Freud’s Interpretation of Sophicles’ Oedipus Tyrannus Is Ridiculous

Freuds definition of Sophocles Oedipus genus Tyrannus is ridiculous. Discuss This essay pass on hold forth the translation of Oedipus Tyrannus by Freud and whether his interpretation holds every weight in using it to aid his own theory, the Oedipus complex, or whether it was a ridiculous reading of the hunt itself. Freuds theory will be explored root, before moving on to look at the interpretation itself. This will give a strong champion of how the Oedipus complex comes about in a unripe child and help in the discussion as to whether Oedipus may study been fulfilling this unconscious desire.The discussion will also touch upon Freuds belief that it is his own theory that explains the reason for the plays long-lasting success. Sigmund Freud is the father of a branch of psychology that he named psychoanalysis, as well as having a tremendous influence in how modern psychology has developed since the turn of the 20th Century. Freud was born on whitethorn 6th 1856. The offset re ference to Freud having used Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus to help specialisationen his theory of the Oedipus complex, which is explained below, and also the first mention of the Oedipus complex altogether comes in 1900 in Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams.However, in The Interpretation of Dreams the theory is clearly only just beginning to be devised by Freud as it is not until 1910 that the term Oedipus compex is first used. To be able to understand Freuds interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus it is vital to grasp what the Oedipus complex actually refers to. Before discussing the Oedipus complex it is important to discuss the forward psycho familiar development of a child, which leads into the development of the Oedipus complex. The first two stages, or the pregenital stages, begin very early in life.The first is the oral stage, unsurprisingly, as infants first derive sexual pleasure primarily through the mouth such as tasting, sucking, and making sounds. This stage is followed by t he anal stage, in which the infant has discover the anus. This stage is focused on the control of the self and gives the infant the first opportunity to gain a sense of independence and achievement through knowledge to control the bowel and bladder. With the next stage, the phallic stage, the Oedipus complex tarts becomes apparent. It is during this time that the infant discovers the variation between a male child and young lady, the boy begins to see the father as a rival for his mothers changeions, tho also develops a fear of the father becoming a rival for the mothers affections. aboard these developments the child finds the genital area as an erogenous z superstar. The castration complex can develop throughout this period and it is important to think of the male and womanish child as, with penis or castrated, relatively.Freud believed that the male child aphorism the female child as a castrated boy and thus the final result of, what seemed to be common in the turn of the century, the threat of parents telling young boys to stop playing with their genitals or they will be cut off. The young boy now believes that the father becomes a real threat to the affections for his mother. Between the age of four and five, Freud believed that the young child develops sexual feelings for his mother, and alongside this wants to have fetch up possession of her and thus hostile feelings develop towards the father.However, the first step of castration that the young boy has understood to be seen in the naked girl, poses a horrific possibility to the boy. With the loss of his penis at stake, as in the young boys mind this is the form of retaliation the father will take to any hostile action from the child, the boy focuses his attention towards other feminine sources for sexual satisfaction. This is the Oedipus complex laid out as unimpeded development of the young boy and variations to this development through childhood is how Freud can explain abnormal sexual b ehavior.For the young girl the Oedipus complex follows a different path once the difference between boy and girl has been realised. The lack of a penis is seen, through the young girls eyes, as the fault of her mother, because of this the girl moves away from the take in to possess the mother and begins to long for the father in a similarly sexual manner and the wish for him to impregnate her. It is the resulting child that Freud imagines can cure the girl of her penis envy seeing the baby as a replacement for the missing organ.For Freud however the female never really surpasses this stage of penis envy. With Freuds interpretation of Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus it is the male side of the Oedipus complex that is discussed. It is obvious that Oedipus indeed performs the actions that one would attribute to the desires of the Oedipus complex being fulfilled The murder of his father and the sexual union with his mother. Freuds interpretation, however, seems to conveniently ignore certain aspects of Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus, which upon inspection provide obstacles for Freuds theory to navigate.In the development of his theory on the Oedipus complex, Freud undertook a great manage of self analysis and as such it is questionable as to how generalised his thoughts can be used to understand the human development. Freud had seen the play Oedipus Tyrannus and saw himself in a very concrete sense as Oedipus. With this in mind Freuds interpretation of Oedipus Tyrannus is not lessened in itself, but this does have bearings on his interpretation as proof of the Oedipus complex. Tragedy, as in all art forms, is open to interpretation no subject area what the original workman intended as the meaning.For Freud, Oedipus represents the fulfilment of the early sexual desires towards the mother and the aggressive behaviour towards the father. However, that Oedipus does not know that these two people are his biological parents seems to derogate from Freuds use of Oedipus as an exemplum for his theory. Freuds use of Oedipus is meant to show that the Oedipus complex transcends time and place. That Oedipus has a lack of knowledge of his on-key parents doesnt seem to affect Freud in his use of Oedipus in this way. In my opinion, however, this use is severely at odds to the point that Freud attempts to make.A child, according to the Oedipus complex, that grew up with non-biological parents should have had little to no set up upon the early stages that lead to the development of the Oedipus complex, thus little to no effect upon the complex itself. Oedipus was sent away as an infant to be killed, but instead grew up with different parents. This, therefore, gives no reason to think that the idea that Oedipus sleeping with his biological mother and killing his biological father is the Oedipus complex realising itself within Oedipus.The interpretation by Freud seems to have used the popularity of Oedipus Tyrannus, at the time he was developing his theory, to h elp in popularising and explaining the Oedipus complex. Although Freud himself seems to have believed that Oedipus was, indeed, a good example of his theory low-down down simply his argument runs, 1. There is a universal psychological conflict (Oedipus complex), as I have discovered in my clinical experience. 2. This is confirm by a gambol which has universal effectiveness. 3.Why this drama is universally effective can only be understood if my hypothesis is correct. This reference to why the drama is universally effective is Freuds belief that the play in itself is not that challenging a concept. According to Freud it is only if his theory is correct that the ability of Oedipus Tyrannus to have had the universal power to move at all. This scientific sounding argument leaves little option for Freud to be wrong, as the play has indeed enjoyed thousands of geezerhood of success.This, however, is according to Freud. Freuds interpretation of Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus seems to continu ally leave absolutely no room for a lack of the Oedipus complex being present. Throughout Freud seems to have missed what many people miss in Oedipus Tyrannus, Some readers of the Oedipus Rex have told me that they find its atmosphere stifling and oppressive they miss the tragic exaltation that one gets from Antigone or the Prometheus Vinctus. They miss the courage of Oedipus, he knows of his fate and yet he carries on.His blinding represents the fumbling of humanity for the truth in the world and it is in this strength portrayed Oedipus that one can gain the tragic exaltation normally expected from a Tragedy. Freuds interpretation of Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus cannot be said to be an outright ridiculous interpretation. It is clear to see, when looking at the Oedipus complex, that Oedipus fulfils the exact fantasy of the young Freudian boy. The Killing of his father and having a sexual relationship with his mother, however, when the interpretation is looked at closely it is obvious to see that there are clear flaws.The process of the development of the Oedipus complex cannot occur properly if one of the parents is absent from childhood, let alone both of them. Oedipus fulfils the fantasy of the young boy, but with the wrong parents, even though they are his biological parents. The idea that the Oedipus Tyrannus portrays the idea that no matter who, where, or when we exist, the complex is inescapable even if it remains in the subconscious is ridiculous. If this was the case then it would have been the king and queen of Corinth that were involved in this play, Oedipus adoptive parents.That Freud felt a great similarity between himself and Oedipus is not ridiculous, in and of itself, it is the belief that his own self-analytical thoughts and the actions of Oedipus are actually similar that brings the interpretation into question. Oedipus acted without knowledge of his true parents, whereas Freud knew his parents and is discussing fantasy from childhood as oppose d to actual action. The idea that Freuds theory provides a reason for Oedipus Tyrannus success is definitely ridiculous in nature. Oedipus is the representative of the, albeit tragic, character of perseverance.He knows his fate yet carries on to find the truth, even after he has blinded himself he does not rest until he has make it to the site where he is prophesied to come to peace. Freuds interpretation of Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus has many ridiculous aspects to it, but the use to which Freud uses his interpretation does retain an aspect of credibility. Bibliography * Armstrong, R. H. Oedipus as curtilage http//www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) * Gay, P the Freud reader (Vintage 1995) * Storr, A. Freud, A very short introduction (Oxford Uni. Press 1989) * Dodds, E. R.On misunderstanding the Oedipus Rex Ed. E. Segal (Oxford Uni. Press 1983) * Simon, B. And Blass, R. The development and vicissitudes of Freuds ideas on the Oedipus com plex Ed. Neu, J (Cambridge Uni. Press 1991) 1 . Gay (1995) xxxi 2 . Gay (1995) 273 3 . Storr (1989) 33 4 . Storr (1989) 34 5 . Simon and Blass (1991) 170 6 . Simon and Blass (1991)171 7 . Oedipus as Evidence http//www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm (1998) 8 . Oedipus as Evidence http//www. clas. ufl. edu/ipsa/journal/articles/psyart1999/oedipus/armstr01. htm

Assess Different Indicators Used to Measure Development Essay

Development is a process of change that affects populations lives, which may involve an melioration in the quality of life as perceived by the people undergoing change. As development is such(prenominal) a wide category, it can be give way into social and frugal factors as well as simple and coordination compound indicators. To start with, many economic indicators argon used to measure a grounds development. GDP (Gross Domestic Product), this is the total value of goods and services produced in a field. GNP (Gross National Product) includes income from investments abroad and PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) takes into account local anesthetic cost of living and is usually expressed per capita. These are the three main economic indicators.Many favors appear when victimisation economic measurement as an indicator, such as it is a useful figure for comparing countries and often used to rank countries to establish a fair system of aid payments. Also, each country can be easily com pared and calculated so that patterns can be seen quickly. However, this way of measurement does come with a lot of problems. For example, the distribution of wealth is anisometric I most/all countries but when studying the indicator results, it shows that supposedly the country has an equal distribution. This results in inequality being covered up and a true picture is not shown which therefore makes the result lack in validity. Countries have different currencies, which is an issue within itself but this is enlarged when countries have different currency fluctuations.This makes it hard to then compare each countries results to one another as the values shown have different rates of wealth. Although, this problem is being tackled by converting all the currencies to US$ so easy comparisons can be made, and patterns can be easily shown when comparing countries. Other problems that come from using economic indicators are they can be manipulated by governments who want to appear poor to collect more aid and it does not take into account informal economies which are very(prenominal) important in less developed countries.To try and eliminate the economic problems, social indicators are also used to make the results as accurate as possible. Social indicators are used mainly to give an idea about the peoples quality of life in that country, although this can be significantly hard to in reality categorise. The main indicators for the social categories are Life Expectancy (the average lifespan of someone born in that country), Birth Rate (number of babies born per thousand people per year). This allows a clear indicator of a countries level of development, as well as being able to predict the future situation to plan accordingly. BR can be affected by population policies (e.g. Chinas one child policy) and figures in LEDCs are not necessarily accurate.Literacy Rate (percentage of the population able to read and write) also has negatives such as when used on its own it doesnt tell us whether the figure is a consequence of in like manner few schools or the fact that children are having to work. The other issue is that it takes no notice of other skills (agricultural for example) the people may have which are equally precious (e.g. a good understanding of farming techniques). Literacy rates is used as an indicator because it does show the amount of education on offer and tells us how many children could or couldnt attend school. Finally, Infant Mortality (the number of children who die before they reach the age of one for every thousand live births per year).An advantage of using these four social indicators to measure a country as a general point is that more patterns are shown by comparing economic and social factors. For example, the higher the GDP per person the higher the life expectancy showing a positive correlation between the two.As stated in the opening paragraph, the development of a country can also be measured by using simple and c omposite indicators. The indicators discussed above in both(prenominal) economic and social categories are classed as simple indicators (excluding GDP). The composite indicator definition is as follows mixed indicators measures are used when single indicators cannot adequately cause such multi-dimensional concepts. Ideally, a composite indicator should be based on a theoretical framework / definition, which allows individual indicators/variables to be selected, feature and weighted in a manner which reflects the dimensions or structure of the phenomena being measured.Simplified, composite indicators combine a number of single component indices to give a combined score. A frequent composite indicator that is often used is the HDI (Human Development Index). this combines PPP, life expectancy, adult literacy and average number of years in schooling. Other composite indicators include GEM (Gender Empowerment Measure) and GDI (Gender-related Development Index) to measure gender inequ ality.Other quality of life indicators could measure a variety of social and economic fac tors. Composite indicators are often considered more reliable as they combine a number of simple indicators to give one average score. The problem with this however is having except an average result. As previously discussed, by having an average score the result lacks validity as it doesnt show a true picture.In conclusion, the method acting that gives the most accurate and true representation of a country, in my opinion, is to use a combination of social and economic simple indicators. Many positives and negatives come from using simple and composite indicators, but the key problem with using composite is that it only gives an average. The main point of creating and using indicators is to get the true representation of a countries development, and composite indicators often do no prove this where as simple indicators are more likely to.View as multi-pages

Humanities Today Paper Essay

Introduction Humanities is the academic discipline that study human culture , incorporating methods that atomic number 18 critical, analytical and hypothetical that also have important historic components, acclaimed from the approaches from natural science. Humanities consist of philosophy, performing arts, modern and ancient languages, literature, religion and visual. Social sciences such as history, anthropology, area studies, communications studies, cultural studies, linguistics and law are also viewed as segments of humanities.In this meaning the key pull down for identifying humanities from other modes of individual query is the point that humanities depends on traditional and significant presentation rather than concept and reasoning. Humanities consult about the humans presentation of his or her environment. The queries seeded player from the common inhabitants or an individuals own concept of the reaction to traditional events and the way that it is manoeuverd by way of art, technology, government activity, literature unison, structure, and religious beliefs.Other modes of individual query are centered off of confirmed information and scientific concepts. Music Music has changed drastically since the 90s . Walkmans and tape players were what were used to listen to music and today technology has change and enables you to listen and access music from the internet such as Pandora, ITunes and you tube, and cell phones such as smart phones and IPods. Music has an knead on political sympathies and political movements.Songs such as the national Anthem, patriotic songs and political campaign jingles are all apart of music with in politics these songs are called topical songs (Goodman, 2013). A powerful connection between the art and politics, particularly between various types of art and power, occurs across traditional epochs and societies. As they serve to coexisting events and state politics, art takes on political as well as public measurements, b ecoming themselves a target of debate and even a power of governmental as well as social transformations.Art A great number of colleges offer classes such as computer science, engineering, electronic music and digital art. These classes enable an individual to create and design is through technology. In regards to components, architecture has to do with the preparing, developing and building form, room and atmosphere that indicate efficient, specialized, social, ecological, and visual concerns (Thagard, 2013). It requires the artistic adjustment and synchronization of material, engineering, light and darkness.Architecture involves the realistic aspects of recognizing components, such as arranging, cost effectiveness and development management as corroboration produced by designers, sketches, plans and specialized requirements, framework and actions of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed. Philosophy Philosophy and politics are generally linke d together. As both talk about the query of what is excellent and how individuals should remain. From olden days, and well beyond them, the origins of justified reason for governmental power were certainly linked with outlooks on individual instinct (Thagard 2008).In The Republic, Plato provided the discussion that the perfect community would be run by authorities of philosopher-kings, since those beat at viewpoint are best able to recognize the excellent. rump Dewey, Martin Heidegger, Herbert Marcuse, and Gunther Arendt are outstanding philosophers from the 20th century that seen technology as a footpath to the modern life. One of the attributes the people liked about our new president is that he would end wars. Today he is out in a berth to where he is going to have to start a war or end one.According to Shapiro his philosophy is Those regimes that break the rules must be held accountable, he say in 2009, while accepting the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway (Shapiro, 2013). Conclusion Implied in many of these justifications supporting the humanities are the components of arguments against community assistance of humanities. John Carroll claims that we reside in a changing world, a world in which cultural capital is being changed with scientific literacy and in which the loving idea of an primal humanities student is outdated ( Thagard 2013).

Cultural Perspectives of the Country of Italy Essay

Italy has been a democratic republic since 1946 and it has a population of rough 58 million. It is surrounded by Tyrrhenian sea on the west and Adriatic Sea on the east. France, Austria be some of the countries that border Italy to the north. Italy is covered by sea and mountains While Italy has a huge range of climates and graphic features, ideal for mining, cultivation of crops, fish, livestock, and other(a) natural resources, the majority of raw materials its industries require are deductioned .The country of Italy has g adept through many changes throughout its score and has been in the forefront of the European economic and political unification for a long time now. Though it has faced many obstacles, it has however abideed patriotic and clear-sighted for union. Culture and lifestyle of Italy Italians are warm and welcoming people, who adore relaxing, celebrate and socialize with family and friends. Their celebrations and relaxations regularly happen around the table ei ther at floor enjoying their cuisines or out in a restaurant. One thing visitors in Italy notice right away is the peoples openness and sociable nature.Italians need a love of life and enjoy lifes pleasure to the fullest (Winter & Jermyn, 2003) Family is the guiding force and the focus for loyalty and this make the family in truth fundamental. Many families sic a side a special day to spend time with other relatives for a special meal. The father is always regarded as the provider of every needs and raises and maintained his powers with firm orders. The mother was seen as subordinate and had the right to be heard in family plans and meditated between the father and often numerous children.The Italians family structure, food, native costume, music, and religion in all play a major role in creating a definite culture that allows them to convey their behaviors in the superior general public as a whole. Italy is a country in Western Europe that is well known for its food and it i s no accident that Italian cooking is so popular due to its rich flavor cuisine. Italians value home cooking so oft and especially their pasta as their favorite cuisine. Italians remain the largest known European consumer of pasta and cereals.They have greatly eliminated such culprits as fats and animal proteins from their diets, as well as reduced their annual consumption of intoxicant (Mure. N. S. , 2008). Italians value the way they dress and it is a priority to them their dressing is normally very conservative for both men and women. These dressing are always tended to(p) with elegant accessories which compliments their costumes very well. Religion The Romans worshipped many gods and goddesses before Christianity gained a firm grip on the Italians and thats when the Roman Catholic perform came into existence and became the most powerful church in Italy.Catholic is the major religion with a majority of 85 percent of the population and just about 20 percent attend worship ser vices unless there I any religious celebrations. The head of the church is the Pope who has full lawful, executive, and judicial powers and at the same time lives there. Their constitution allows for the freedom of religion and worship which is respected by the government. There has been a good relation among religions which has highly contributed to religious freedom.The business relationship of the Roman Catholic Church is based as much on politics as it is on religion, and in some ways this holds true today. To expand the faithful, the catholic Bishops were confident to make their existence known among the ordinary people, and there were more urge to train more clergy and build more churches. Though the kind of religion with all the common events of life is anything but an error yet I could not avoid regretting that like heathens ancestors, the new-fashioned Italian had supplied the place of one great Master mover by a countless host f inferior agents (Blunt 1823).The Vatican City is the head of the Catholic Church in the area that gave the region both spiritual and temporal power and that makes majority of Italians Roman Catholics though very few of them attend mass regularly. Rome has the most sightly art of architectural and the best ancient churches are situated there. Cultural Holidays and the celebrations Italians always have a reason to celebrate in, whether its an historical event, holiday, or other festival. Italy has a large number of public holidays during the year and some of these have a religious background.The way they celebrate their holidays is one of the greatest tourist attraction worldwide. All this festivals are always accompanied by their cuisine which is always an essential part of the celebration. Sacred holidays like Christmas, Easter and Thanksgiving twenty-four hour period usually have their special foods that have been practiced over the generations. Same applies to other holidays that have also developed their own cuisin e based on their tradition. These festivals are marked not only with indulging in good food but also share with the less fortunate in the society.Compared to other countries in the world, Italians public holidays are celebrated with parades that color the country and display their patriotism. Economy of Italy During the years, Italys economy has extremely prospered in that the country is able to import raw material for the countries industrial sector which has encouraged labor flexibility. An economic miracle has indeed occurred in post way Italy, manifested by on of the highest growth pass judgment in the world unbroken in its advance for nearly two decades and unmatched in its vitality in any previous period in its industrial history(Hildebrand, 1965)Even though inflation has usually been a key test for Italy, it has been able to bring it down to levels that can be managed. Italy has very little to boast in agriculture but its economy has been highly lifted by the services and in dustrial sector which contributes the highest percentage of the economy. Growing family possess business has been the backbone of the economy and the northern part of the country concentrates with capitalistic economy, where the private sector companies account for the total productivity and profitability. Italy has the best world paintings which they award and has been a good boost to the economy.Venice is a beauteous sight to behold. Anyone wanting to linger in its romance, architecture and canals can find themselves immersed in Venice through the look of artist Marco Sassone (Mure. N. S. , 2008). Industrialization of modern Italy from it inception until today, has been a classic case of even development. Italy has been known to be the largest producer of selected wines. People are invited to the wine taste event which has attracted many people around the globe just to come and enjoy the art of grape cultivation and processing of the wines.Being a component of the European Un ion, Italy has taken an active role in European trade and has been the chief trade partner of majority of the European countries as well as America. Italy has the most favorable conditions for business investments and trading that has been able to attract many investors even though much of it is curbed by high levels of corruption and the mafias. Though since Italy equal to the economic and monetary union requirements, it has experienced very low inflation rates. Metals, fuel oil & railway equipment are fastest-growing Italian exports to U. S.while pharmaceutical preparations & extraordinary metals lead American imports into Italy (Workman 2007). Employment services have been customized recently and government has enacted a law that different organizations have to act as employment offices. near Italians work for low wages and without any social benefits and protections the most affected are women and the youth who experience higher rates of unemployment. This is going to create an scrappy room for the employment service and advocate to the public employment services to increase their effectiveness and to create networks with private organizations.Italy has a very well-organized and modern nucleotide and it has failed to come up with subways and more railways to facilitate the movement of goods. While most goods in Italy are always transported by road, the upgrading and improvement of the systems is a major interest to the government. The government of Italy has began to address reform on the rail sector and has advanced more quickly than many European countries (O. E. C. D. 2001). The railway system is also highly developed and this has made it the most preferred way of travelling for its punctuality, comfort and affordable to all commuters.The countrys impact on the US It is generally normal these days for other countries to adapt to the American culture and the introduction of this western culture to Italy has been very pervasive. Italy and America en joy a warm and cordial relationship because of their efforts to fight terrorism. Most of the Italians have welcomed the American culture but despite all that they have been able to save their cuisine from the changes because they believe that their foods are healthier than the fast foods.Fast food restaurants have gained the peak in Italy which was mostly a common place in America. Italians have also attempt to change their dressing and fashion which is most fancied by the young generation. Italy holds the most famous fashion designers in the world but despite all they still go for the American fashions because their clothes are very expensive for every citizen to afford. Most Italians went to America to escape poverty and they believed they would find a infract life for their families and other went to work in search of better jobs to get enough money to go back to Italy.The ones that settle were able to completely blend in with the Americans and were able to change their cultu ral behaviours in a way some turned to criminals especially the mafias who decided to settle in America. There is so much to learn about Italy, their welcoming spirit and the wonderful and the architectural beauty of the country. The many musicians, the operas and even the painting are some of the things that make Italy a beautiful county. References Mure S. N (2008). Abbondanza Specifically for those with a Passion for Everything that is Italian p. 1 Winter K. J. & Jermyn L. (2003). Italy Cultures of the world, Volume 4 p.57 Hildebrand H. G. , (1965). Growth and structure in the economy of modern Italy, p. 3-4 Workman D. (2007). Top Italian Exports & Imports Most Popular Products Traded Between Italy & America. Retrieved December 9, 2009 from http// international-trade-leaders. suite101. com Blunt J. J (1823). Vestiges of ancient manners and customs, discoverable in modern Italy and Sicily p. 2 Kwintessential How Italian holidays are celebrated in Italy. Retrieved December 9, 2009 from http//www. kwintessential. co. uk Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2001). Regulatory reform in Italy, p. 31

Edward II of England

Piers Soapstone is a major character of the play, Edward II. He is a minion of Prince Edward. He was banished by King Edward l, as his presence was proving dangerous for Prince Edward. Soon after the dead of mightiness Edward l, he receives a letter from fairy Edward II as fag him to come back to England. My father is deceased, come Soapstone, And sh be the kingdom with thy dearest line of the play) The letter shows that the king has a great fare for Soapstone since he asks him to come to share the kingdom with him. Soapstone is very happy at the conclusion of his banish ment.He is excited to control his friend overcoming all the natural hurdles. Ah Words that make me surfeit with delight What greater bliss can hap to Soapstone Than red-hot and be the favorite of a king saintlike prince. I come these, these thy amorous lines Might have enforced me to have swum from France. (act 1 scene 1, lines 3-7) This soliloquy of Soapstone shows us how keen he is, to meet his friend. The dramatist reveals the relationship in the midst of king Edward II and Soapstone. It is believed that there was a homosexual relationship between soapstone and king Edward.So thou wouldst smile, and take me in thin arms. The emotional letter of king Edward the II evokes strong emotions In the heart of Soapstone. He thinks that his have a go at it for the king Is as strong as Oleanders love for Hero. He becomes so impatient to meet the king, that he could even risk his life, if he didnt have any ship to ferry him immediately. He wants to come to England to be with his love, and not because of the city Not that I love the city, or the men, But that it harbors him that I hold so dear- The king He declares that he would love king Edward II even If the whole knowledge base hated him.Soapstone promises to bow only before the king, and not before the lordly peers. My knee shall bow to none moreover to the king This shows that the king holds a very special as well as important position in the life of soapstone. He knows all the tastes and preferences of the king. He has a desire to give utmost pleasure to the king In all possible ways. All his plans show that he will provide sulfurous pleasure to the king In different ways. He Informs that he will get In entertain the king by music and poetry. He set up for Sweet speeches,COMEDIES, AND PLEASING SHOWS to delight king Edward II. Some of his actors of Italian masques would be dressed like sylvan nymphs Andromeda of the actors playing the roles of Satyrs who would graze on the lawns with tush feet. All this shows the deep affections of Soapstone for king Edward II. The tastes of the king are fully reflected in the plans that Soapstone makes to delight and please him. Soapstone doesnt care about what the world says and thinks about his relationship with king Edward. He wants to return from his exile as soon as possible and spend laity time with his love.Despite the fact that he is hated and threatened by all the no bles, he continues his relationship with king Edward II. Soapstone belongs to a minority class. He has a homosexual relationship with king Edward II which was not accepted during that time. People having a man to man relationship were looked down upon by the society. This was the reason why king Edward had exiled Soapstone from England. even off after the return of soapstone, he was constantly threatened by the nobles and lords. He was always rejected by the society, so his life as centered nearly the person who loved him, that is king Edward II.Soapstone could even risk his life to be with him. Gavottes harshness and rude behavior is seen in the conversation with the three poor men in the beginning. The prospect of being the most favored person of the king has turned his head. He has decided not to talk to the multitude of common persons and not to bow before the peers. Farewell base stooping to the lordly peers My knee shall bow to none but to the king. , He decides to act as a amply profile man, and ill-treats three ordinary people who want is help.Dismiss them, one of them, who is a soldier, curses him for treating him slightingly. He thinks that the common people are like dying sparks in the wintry ashes. What he wants to say is that, the persons without entities are of no account to him, since their poverty will be of no avail. He would rather pay attention to the wind that touches his lips and travel away than to the person of insignificance. As for the multitude , that are but sparks, Ranked up in embers of their poverty Ill fawn first on the wind That glimpse at my lips, and fleets away. This shows the arrogant side of Soapstone. Soapstone is also betrayed as an evil genius. He does not want to mix with the common people as they are poor. This clearly shows his evil desires and the reason for being with king Edward II. He knows how to make use of other people which we see in his (aside) Ill flatter these and make them live in hope. Soapstone want s to take advantage of his authority and his mind starts manipulating strategies to have the king in his clutches so that he can do as he wishes. musicians, that with touching of a string May draw the pliant king which way I pleaseSoapstone is cynically think to trap the young monarchs mind . When he is the fore-front suggests his cunningness and his pretence of a true friend is seen when . soapstone is extremely selfish. He exploits the knowledge of the kings knowledge. He widens the rift between the king and the queen. Soapstone has influenced the king to such an extent that the king would provide him with all the luxuries and comforts, while ignoring his kingly duties. Piers has cultivated to perfection the art of flattery and he uses it at every step while dealing with his sole patron-the king.

Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Essay

Title duty assignment topic 1) What are your preferred definitions of telephone line moral philosophy and fond responsibility Why hold you elect these definitions 2) What is one key issue in the area of logical argument ethics and social responsibility that is relevant, truely, to your establishment and your industry (You need to explain the issue and show its relevance to your organisation/industry) 3) What strategies could your organisation adopt to hook this issue (You need to explain these fully) Word count Words Executive Summary There prevail been drastic changes today that fuck off and continue to influence furrow ethics. However, organizations are lagging behind these changes or simply ignoring contrast ethics all together. Recent companies have failed to practice traffic ethics and social responsibility as their primary aim remains on making profits. The issue is that in fact, watchfulness have been blindsided by their need to make monies under whatever cir cumstances necessary which usually constitutes for front honest practices. The roughly credible of organisations and employees have indeed professional integrity and have been reliant on a code of ethics for the organizations principles and archetypes of practice. The plight of family continues to surround care ethics and corporate social responsibility which is yet to surface most organisations.The subject of Business ethics and Social Responsibility introduces current issues experienced in organizations and provides guided analysis to enable a better understanding and appreciation of these issues. Illustrations of effect economic costs having failed to practice ethical behaviors and social responsibility by the organization and individuals in spite of appearance have been provided also. Presented in this paper, with the aid of an example organization- Marpol dissemination Limited a family owned and operated Hardware and Auto supplies in large quantities distribution co mpany, are a wide array of ethical issues recognized within its business activities with proposed solutions in order to address the aforementioned issues. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction3 2. Defining Business Ethics and Social Responsibility.4 3. A drop of business ethics and social responsibility at Marpol scattering Limited 5 4. Addressing the issues of Marpol Distribution Limited7 5. Conclusion 10 6. References .12 7. Appendix.13 1.Introduction The relevance and requisite to which business ethics and social responsibility hold within anyorganisation is inordinate compared to the practices of most organisations presently. Therefore, the wellbeing of society and todays business world is at stake since it lies in the hands of business leading who fail to exercise ethical procedures. The confidence in business operations once held by customers have been drastically shaken due to the collapses and corporate scandals surrounding some of the most pioneering and respected companies such as Arthur Andersen, WorldCom, Tyco and the most famous EnronHence the urgency and necessity for the incorporation of ethics and social responsibility in business decision-making and strategic planning is heightened together with the compulsory provision of pertinent education to forthcoming business leaders in order to operate a sustainable and protected organisation. I believe that business ethics goes beyond the laws and legality, instead it teaches positive attributes such as respect, honesty, politeness which should be adopted into business practices (Inc.com, 1996). Furthermore, Ghillyer suggests in his book Business Ethics Now that there is a choice guidance for persons by ways of either moral standards or the moral compass of others in determining suitable demeanor which has influences stemming from cultural backgrounds or traditions to the norms of the environment in which we are positioned (2012). On the other hand, the social responsibility of a company deals with t he management of its business mental processes so that a holistic positive impact on stakeholders and society is fashioned (Mallenbaker.net, 2004). The social responsibility of a company is often associated with the triple bottom line profit, concourse, and planet which can be theorized as the stewardship of the economy, society and the environment are at the organizations concentration (Zipcon.net, 1953 Elkington, 1998). This paper aims to action the requirements of firstly defining business ethic and social responsibility. Subsequently, wrong issues encountered in Marpol Distributions Ltd will be set and addressed.2.Defining Business Ethics and Social Responsibility Business ethics refers to the underlying framework for carrying on business by adhering to generally accepted standards of right wing behaviour (highered.mcg young-hill.com n.d.).It involves discernment of right, good and correctitude from wrong, evil and propriety thereafter taking actions accordingly to the ch oice made. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication Making Good Business Sensedefined SocialResponsibility as the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the whole step of life of the custody and their families as well as of the local community and society at large (Holme and Watts 2000) it focuses on the quality of their management regarding both processes and persons alongside the nature and extent of impacts on society. Although the terms social responsibility and ethics are used interchangeably, meanings differ. Business ethics relates to an individuals or a work groups decisions that society evaluates as right or wrong, whereas social responsibility is a broader concept that concerns the impact of the entire businesss activities on society (highered.mcgraw-hill.com n.d.).These definitions were chosen mainly because, they added to the scope of business ethical behaviour and s ocietal responsibility, it brings clarity to the concept of determine and morals and overall contribution to society as individuals and businesses. Ethical standards helps to the shape both the internal and external make water of any organization .Companies that rely on ethical standards which includes determine and morals rely less on legislation from central or state government . The belief that business ethics is an essential part in any organization influences the companys impact towards its social responsibility. Organizations involved in the wholesale emerge of goods and raw materials, such as Marpol Distribution Limited should strive to maintain or incorporate the necessary values and morals to aid in its decision making process . According to Hartman (2005,p2), who made the suggestion that ethics involves judgments as to good and bad, right and wrong, and what ought to be. This therefore will have a major impact in the dynamics of the organization. 3.A lack of business ethics and social responsibility at Marpol Distribution Limited With intentions of implementing ethical practices into the business procedures, one must firstly understand business ethics which requires the identification of ethical issues within the organization.Ethical issues are identifiable problems, situations, or opportunities that requires a person to choose from among several actions that may be evaluated as right or wrong, ethical or unethical (highered.mcgraw-hill.com n.d.). In most cases this usually implicates such(prenominal) deliberation between choosing monetary gain over conducting oneself fittingly. Considering the business activities of Marpol DistributionLimited we can mention ethical disputes that they have encountered. As previously mentioned this organization is typically family-managed and operated with its traditional methods of approach immutable. While remain old-fashioned might work in favour of some companies, it has had the reverse effect on Marpol Di stribution Limited. Quality assurance is a major facet in the operations of Marpol Distribution as the expectations of customers of this supply company is quite high together with responsibilities to societal contribution and development. The issue arises therefore, when a lack of standard up brings in relations of values and morals are recognised. Values tend to be seen as end goals sought by individual and vary from person to person based on their desires for profit, law, moral excellence or charity (See Appendix). Morals tend to be seen as rules or duties that govern behaviour in our personal interactions they are our personal guiding principles (Optimal.org 1997).Generally, ethics can be seen to be the same for people within the same culture (Hartman, 2005, p2). Companies like Marpol Distribution Limited, led by its vision statement to take in profit and continuous growth has had negative impact of ethical behaviour. This therefore has resulted in a loss of customer supplier relationship and indirectly affected its profit margin The consequences of unethical behaviour and unethical business institutions are too serious to be ignored (Des Jardins, p. 3). As suggested by Des Jardins, business ethics are simply too serious for Marpol Distribution to ignore. Corporate Governance or the lack thereof has certainly contributed negatively to the current situation of Marpol Distribution Limited. This is demonstrated as this profit operate organisation fails to emulate the necessary attributes to generate good governance such as responsiveness values of fairness, accountability, responsibility and transparency emphasis on non-monetary aspects of operations etc. (Unescap.org 2013).This is also extended to unethical lead which constitutes employee insolence as it has been suggested that employees emulate the behaviours of those above them based on their perception of ethics observed (Davis 2004). In addition, the company has become loyal to its family-run busines s style and as a result the recruitment process that exists within this company has failed them seeing as the workforce comprises of unskilled and unqualified family members who have prevailed over a more appropriate workforce.

Mgc1 Study Guide

Strategic direction (Chapters 4 & 9) 1. light upon elements of the external environment and interior(a) resourcefulnesss of the stanch to analyze before formulating a strategy. a. External Environment attention and market analysis ( manufacture profile, growth, and puffs), Competitor analysis, Political and Regulatory analysis, Social analysis, Human Resources analysis, Macroeconomics analysis, and Technological analysis. Also foretell future trends b.Internal Resources Financial analysis, marketing audit, operations analysis, separate internal resources analysis (such as go acrossk and bring forthment, focal point information strategys, engineering and purchasing. ), human resources assessment. 2. typeset lens nucleus repugnncies and explain how they provide the foundation for stemma strategy. a. Core Competencies A unique skill and/ or knowl mete an arrangement takees that gives it an edge over competitors. A core competence is some matter a partnership does es peci every last(predicate)y easily relative to its competitors. b.Think of core competencies as the roots of emulousness and intersection points as the fruits. c. It privy provide a sustain fitted prefer if it is valuable, r atomic takings 18, difficult to imitate, and intumesce organized. 3. re-start the types of choices available for corporate strategy. a. C oncentric i. foc wonts on a hit descent competing in a single childbed. b. Vertical Integration i. postulates expanding the domain of the plaque into supply channels or to distri just nowors. Vertical desegregation generally is used to eliminate uncertain-ties and reduce bells associated with providers or distributors. . Concentric Diversification i. involves moving into unused businesses that ar related to the unions original core business. ii. Often companies such as Marriott chase after a strategy of concentric diversification to take advantage of their strengths in one business to impinge on advantage in a nonher. Because the businesses argon related, the products, markets, technologies, or capabilities used in one business arsehole be transferred to a nonher. Success in a concentric diversification strategy looks adequate carry on-ment and other resources for operate more than one business. d.Conglomerate Diversification i. a corporate strategy that involves expansion into unrelated businesses. For example, General galvanic Corporation has diversified from its original base in electrical and home appliance products to such wide- ranging industries as health, finance, insurance, truck and air transportation, and even media, with its ownership of NBC. Typically, companies pursue a conglomerate diversification strategy to background risks due to market fluctuations in one manufacturing. 4. Discuss how companies can achieve emulous advantage by business strategy. . Two contrary business strategies generally ternary to gaining a competitive advantage moo Cost Strateg ies and Differentiation Strategies b. Low Cost Strategy Businesses using a low- bell strategy strain to be efficient and offer a standard, no- frills product. (i. e. Walmart and Southwest Airlines). To succeed, an organic practice of law using this strategy generally mustinessiness be the cost reach outer in its industry or market segment. However, even a cost leader must offer a product that is acceptable to guests comp ared with competitors products. c.Differentiation Strategy With a preeminence strategy, a company attempts to be unique in its industry or market segment along some dimensions that customers apprise. This unique or differentiated position within the industry often is based on high product tone, pass bylent marketing and distribution, or superior service. (i. e. Nordstroms dedication to prime(prenominal) and customer service). The most competitive strategy is one that competitors are un instinctive or unable to imitate. 5. take up the keys to potent s trategy writ of execution. a. Step 1 Define strategical designates.Articulate in simple language what a particular business must do to create or sustain a competitive advantage. Define strategic tasks to help employees at a lower placestand how they contribute to the organization, including redefining kindreds among the parts of the organization. b. Step 2 Assess organization capabilities. judge the organizations faculty to implement the strategic tasks. A task force typically interviews employees and passenger vehicles to pick out specific issues that help or hinder effective implementation. Then the endpoints are summarized for covering fire prudence.In the movement of your career, you forget likely be asked to participate in a task force. c. Step 3 prepare an implementation agenda. Management decides how it will change its own activities and procedures how critical interdependencies will be managed what skills and man-to-mans are requisite in key roles and what structures, measures, information, and rewards index ultimately support the needed behavior. A philosophy contention, communicated in equipment casualty of cheer, is the outcome of this hurl. d. Step 4 Create an implementation architectural plan. The top trouble team, the employee task force, and others develop the implementation plan.The top direction team then monitors progress. The employee task force continues its work by providing feedback active how others in the organization are acting to the changes. e. *Strategy must be supported by structure, technology, human resources, rewards, information sys-tems, culture, lead, and so on. Ultimately, the success of a plan depends on how well employees at low levels are able and willing to implement it. Participative guidance is one of the more popular move upes executives use to gain employees input and ensure their commitment to strategy implementation. . The 6 Barriers to Strategy Implementation (or Silent Killers) a. Top- down or laissez-faire senior watchfulness style With the top team and lower levels, the CEO/ general manager creates a partnership construct around the development of a compelling business direction, the creation of an enabling organizational scene, and the delegation of ascendance to clearly accountable individuals and teams. b. Unclear strategy and conflicting priorities The top team, as a sort, develops a statement of strategy, and priorities that fellow members are willing to stand behind are developed. c.An ineffective senior management team The top team, as a group, is involved in all steps in the change process so that its effectiveness is mental tested and developed. d. Poor vertical communication An honest, fact- based dialogue is established with lower levels about the new strategy and the barriers to implementing it. e. Poor coordination across serve wells, businesses, or borders A set of businesswide initiatives and new organizational roles and responsibilit ies are defined that require the reclaim citizenry to work together on the right things in the right counsel to implement the strategy. f.Inadequate down- the-line leadership skills and development Lower- level managers develop skills through and through newly created opportunities to lead change and drive key business initiatives. They are supported with just- in-time coaching, training, and targeted recruitment. Those who still are not able to make the grade must be replaced. 7. What are the steps in the strategic planning process? Why should companies take up in strategic planning? a. Step 1 Establishment of mission, view, and goals b. Step 2 abbreviation of external opportunities and threats c. Step 3 Analysis of internal strengths and weaknesses d.Step 4 SWOT Analysis and Strategy Formulation e. Step 5 Strategy Implementation f. Step 6 Strategic pull strings 8. What are the components of a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis? a. SWOT analys is A comparison of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that helps executives formulate strategy. b. Strengths and weaknesses refer to internal resources. i. For example, an organizations strengths might complicate skilled management, positive cash flow, and well- known and super regarded brands. Weaknesses might be lack of spare ware capacity and the absence of reliable suppliers. . Opportunities and threats rescind in the macroenvironment and competitive environment. i. Examples of opportunities are a new technology that could make the supply chain more efficient and a market niche that is presently underserved. Threats might include the possibility that competitors will enter the underserved niche once it has been shown to be pull aheadable. 9. What is the battle in the midst of strategic vision, strategic intent, strategic objectives, and strategic mission? a. Strategic vision The long- term direction and strategic intent of a company. b. Strategic Intent Th e direction a company intends to go c.Strategic Objectives d. Strategic Mission The mission is a clear and concise expression of the elemental purpose of the organization. It describes what the organization does, who it does it for, its elemental good or service, and its take to bes. 10. What is the value chain concept? a. A value chain is the sequence of activities that flow from raw materials to the delivery of a good or service, with special value created at all(prenominal) step. b. A value chain describes the way in which value is added to versatile areas of an organization. porters value chain model categorizes an organization into five primary and four support activities. indigenous activities include inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, gross sales and marketing, and service. Support activities are company infrastructure, technology development, human resource management, and procurement. c. According to Porters model, you can achieve competitive advanta ge by reducing be or restructuring one or all primary activites to gain a cost advantage. 11. What is the purpose of the value chain analysis? a. Managers can add customer value and build competitive advantage by knuckle undering close attention to their organizations value chain not still each step in it, but the way each step interacts with the others. 2. recognise Porters Five Forces model. a. Michael Porter provided a framework that models an industry as being influenced by five forces. The strategic business manager seeking to develop an edge over rival unwaverings can use this model to better understand the industry context in which the firm hunt downs. i. Force 1 Rivalry 1. DEGREE OF RIVALRY a. -Exit barriers b. -Industry submersion c. -Fixed be/Value added d. -Industry growth e. -Intermittent overcapacity f. -Product differences g. -Switching costs h. - mark off identity i. -Diversity of rivals j. -Corporate stakes ii.Force 2 Threats of New Entrants & Barriers to Ent ry It is not only incumbent rivals that pose a threat to firms in an industry the possibility that new firms whitethorn enter the industry to a fault affects competition. In theory, any firm should be able to enter and exit a market, and if free entry and exit exists, then profits al ways should be nominal. In reality, however, industries possess characteristics that protect the high profit levels of firms in the market and inhibit additional rivals from entering the market. These are barriers to entry. 1. controlling cost advantages 2. Proprietary learning curve 3. Access to inputs 4.Government policy 5. Economies of scale 6. Capital requirements 7. mark identity 8. Switching costs 9. Access to distribution 10. Expected retaliation 11. Proprietary products iii. Force 3 Buyer Power The index number of buyers is the impact that customers look at on a producing industry. In general, when buyer power is potent, the relationship to the producing industry is near to what an econom ist terms a monopsony a market in which in that respect are many suppliers and one buyer. 1. Bargaining leverage 2. Buyer volume 3. Buyer information 4. Brand identity 5. Price sensitivity 6. Threat of backward integration 7. Product specialisation 8.Buyer concentration vs. industry 9. deputes available 10. Buyers incentives iv. Force 4 Threat of Substitutes The competition engendered by a Threat of Substitute comes from products outside the industry. The price of aluminum beverage cans is constrained by the price of glass bottles, steel cans, and elastic containers. These containers are modestys, yet they are not rivals in the aluminum can industry. 1. -Switching costs 2. -Buyer inclination to 3. substitute 4. -Price-performance 5. trade-off of substitutes v. Force 5 Supplier Power 1. Supplier concentration 2. Importance of volume to supplier 3. Differentiation of inputs . Impact of inputs on cost or differentiation 5. Switching costs of firms in the industry 6. Presence of s ubstitute inputs 7. Threat of forward integration 8. Cost relative to total purchases in industry 13. How does Porters Five Forces model influence strategic planning? 14. Discuss why it is critical for organizations to be antiphonary. a. reactivity is the quickness, agility, and force to set to changing demands. b. Businesses at present must be responsive because of the fast-changing business environment. 15. Describe the qualities of an complete organization structure. . The organic structure stands in stark contrast to the mechanistic organization. It is much less cockeyed and, in fact, emphasizes flexibility. The organic structure can be described as follows 1. supposeholders endure broader responsibilities that change as the need arises. 2. Communication occurs through advice and information rather than through orders and instructions. 3. Decision making and influence are more decentralised and informal. 4. Expertise is highly valued. 5. Jobholders rely more heavily on j udgment than on rules. 6. Obedience to authority is less principal(prenominal) than commitment to the organizations goals. 7.Employees depend more on one another and relate more informally and personally. b. People in organic organizations work more as teammates than as subordinates who take orders from the boss, thus breaking away from the traditional bureaucratic form. The more responsive a firm is, the more responsive it will be to changing competitive demands and market realities. 16. pick out strategies and dynamic organizational concepts that can rectify an organizations responsiveness. a. New and emerging organizational concepts and forms include core competencies, strategic alliances, learning organizations, and high-involvement organizations. b.Participative management is becoming increasingly popular as a way to create a competitive advantage. c. High-involvement organization high- involvement organization, top management ensures that there is a consensus about the dire ction in which the business is heading. The leader seeks input from his or her top management team and from lower levels of the company. Task forces, area groups, and other techniques are used to foster participation in decisivenesss that affect the entire organization. 17. Explain how a firm can be both big and clarified. a. Historically, large organizations have had important advantages over small organizations.Today, small size has advantages, including the ability to act chop-chop, respond to customer demands, and serve small niches. The ideal firm today combines the advantages of both. It creates many small, flexible units, while the corporate levels add value by taking advantage of its size and power. 18. Summarize how firms organize to learn customer requirements. a. By using Customer Relationship Management (A multifaceted process focusing on creating two- way exchanges with customers to foster intimate knowledge of their needs, wants, and buying patterns. ) b.By continu ally changing in order to connect with customers, even without waiting for customers to make the first move. c. question and development focus on substructure and new products. Inbound logistics receive and store raw materials and spread out them to operations. Operations transform the raw materials into final product. Outbound logistics warehouse the product and handle its distribution. Marketing and sales identify customer requirements and get customers to purchase the product. Service offers customer support, such as repair, after the accompaniment has been bought. d. Utilizing Total Quality Management e.Firms have embraced principles of continuous improvement and total shade management to respond to customer needs. Baldrige criteria and ISO 9001 standards help firms organize to conform to better quality specifications. Extending these, reengineering efforts are directed at in all overhauling processes to provide world-class customer service. Total Quality Management (Chap ters 5 & 9) 1. Define total quality management. a. An integrative approach to management that supports the attainment of customer satisf consummation through a wide descriptor of workcocks and techniques that result in high- quality goods and go. 2.Discuss Demings 14 points of quality. a. Demings 14 points of quality emphasized a holistic approach to management that demands intimate understanding of the process the delicate interaction of materials, machines, and muckle that deter-mines productivity, quality, and competitive advantage 1. Create constancy of purpose strive for long- term improvement rather than short- term profit. 2. shoot the new philosophy dont tolerate delays and mistakes. 3. Cease dependence on mass review build quality into the process on the front end. 4. End the practice of awarding business on price tag alone build long- term relationships. . Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service at each stage. 6. Institute training and r etraining continually update methods and opinion. 7. Institute leadership provide the resources needed for effectiveness. 8. Drive out fear people must believe it is safe to score problems or ask for help. 9. Break down barriers among departments promote teamwork. 10. excrete slogans, exhortations, and arbitrary targets supply methods, not buzzwords. 11. Eliminate numerical quotas they are contrary to the idea of continuous improvement. 12. Remove barriers to pride in workmanship free autonomy and spontaneity. 3. Institute a vigorous weapons platform of education and retraining people are assets, not commodities. 14. Take action to accomplish the transformation provide a structure that enables quality. 3. Discuss cardinal Sigma. a. whiz of the most important contributors to total quality management has been the introduction of statistical tools to analyze the causes of product defects, in an approach called Six Sigma Quality. b. The product defects analyzed may include anythi ng that results in customer dissatisfaction for example, late delivery, injure shipment, or poor customer service, as well as problems with the product itself.When the defect has been identified, managers then engage the organization in a determined, com-prehensive effort to eliminate its causes and reduce it to the lowest practicable level. At Six Sigma, a product or process is defect- free 99. 99966 percent of the time less than 3. 4 defects or mistakes per million. Reaching that goal almost always requires managers to restructure their internal processes and relationships with suppliers and customers in positive ways. 4. Identify ways that firms organize around different types of technology. . Small batch Technologies that produce goods and services in low volume. b. man-sized Batch Technologies that produce goods and services in high volume. c. Continuous Process A process that is highly automated and has a continuous production flow. 5. Define reengineering. How is reenginee ring important to an organizations success? a. The principal idea of reengineering is to overturn key organizational systems and processes to answer the question If you were the customer, how would you like us to operate? The answer to this question forms a vision for how the organization should run, and then determinations are made and actions are taken to make the organization operate like the vision. b. Reengineering is not about making minor organizational changes here and there. It is about completely overhauling the operation, in revolutionary ways, to achieve the sterling(prenominal) possible benefits to the customer and to the organization. 6. What are the benefits of implementing a total quality management system? a.Total quality management (TQM) is different from the old concept of quality because its focus is on serving customers, identifying the causes of quality problems, and building quality into the production process. b. When it is aright implemented, this style of management can lead to decreased costs related to corrective or preventative maintenance, better overall performance, and an increased number of happy and loyal customers 7. What is continuous improvement? a. Continuous improvement, called kaizen by the Japanese, requires that the company continually strive to be better through learning and problem solving.Because we can never achieve perfection, we must always esteem our performance and take measures to improve it. 8. What are the steps for building a quality management system? a. 1. Customer focus learning and addressing customer needs and expectations. 2. Leadership establishing a vision and goals, establishing trust, and providing employees with the resources and inspiration to meet goals. 3. Involvement of people establishing an environment in which employees understand their contribution, engage in problem solving, and acquire and office knowledge. 4.Process approach defining the tasks needed to successfully carry ou t each process and assign responsibility for them. 5. System approach to management putting processes together into efficient systems that work together effectively. 6. ceaseless improvement teaching people how to identify areas for improvement and rewarding them for making improvements. 7. Factual approach to last making gathering accurate performance data, sharing the data with employees, and using the data to make decisions. 8. mutually beneficial supplier relationships functional in a cooperative way with suppliers. . What is the difference between quality assurance and quality control? a. Quality control is the set of activities performed to ensure that the products or services meet the requirements as defined during the earlier process for assurance of quality. These activities are done during the manufacturing process and once the product is manufactured. b. Quality guarantee or assurance is the set of procedures developed and activities done before the product or s ervice is manufactured or delivered to assure of good quality to the customers.This is a proactive approach. 10. What is a quality audit? When is it used? Entrepreneurial Perspective (Chapter 7) 1. Summarize how to assess opportunities to start new companies. a. You should always be on the lookout for new ideas, monitoring the current business environment and other indicators of opportunity. Franchising offers an interesting opportunity, and the effectiveness of the Internet is being tapped (after entrepreneurs learned some tough lessons from the dot- bomb era). Trial and error and preparation wager important roles.Assessing the business concept on the basis of how innovative and risky it is, combined with your personal interests and tendencies, will also help you make good choices. Ideas should be carefully assessed via opportunity analysis and a utter(a) business plan. 2. Identify common causes of success and failure. a. New reckons are inherently risky. The economic environme nt plays an important role in the success or failure of the business, and the entrepreneur should anticipate and be prepared to reconcile in the face of changing economic conditions.How you handle a variety of common management challenges also can mean the difference between success and failure, as can the effectiveness of your planning and your ability to mobilize nonfi-nancial resources, including other people who can help. 3. Discuss common management challenges. a. When new businesses fail, the causes often can be traced to some common challenges that entrepreneurs face and must manage well. You might not enjoy the entrepreneurial process. Survival including getting started and fending off competitors is difficult.Growth creates new challenges, including reluctance to arrogate work to others. Funds are put to improper use, and financial controls may be inadequate. Many entrepreneurs fail to plan well for succession. When needing or wanting new funds, initial public offerings p rovide an option, but they represent an important and difficult decision that must be considered carefully. 4. Explain how to increase your chances of success, including good business planning. a. The business plan helps you think through your idea sodding(a)ly and determine its viability.It also convinces ( or fails to con-vince) others to participate. The plan describes the venture and its future, provides financial projections, and includes plans for marketing, manufacturing, and other business functions. The plan should describe the people involved in the venture, a full assess-ment of the opportunity (including customers and competitors), the environmental context (including regulatory and economic issues), and the risk (including future risks and how you intend to deal with them). Successful entrepreneurs also understand how to develop social apital, which enhances legitimacy and helps develop a network of others including customers, talented people, partners, and boards. 5. How does an organization cultivate entrepreneurship within the organization (intrapreneurship)? a. Intrapreneurs work within established companies to develop new goods or services that allow the corporation to take in the benefits of innovation. To facilitate intrapraneurship, organizations use skunkworks special project teams instaurationated to develop a new product and allow bootleg informal efforts beyond formal job assignments in which employees pursue their own pet projects.Organizations should select projects carefully, have an ongoing portfolio of projects, and fund them appropriately. Ultimately, a true entrepreneurial orientation in a company comes from back up independent action, innovativeness, risk taking, proactive behavior, and competitive aggressiveness. 6. What role does entrepreneurship play within an organization? 7. Should organizations encourage an entrepreneurial spirit within their organization? Why or why not? 8. What is the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship? a. Entrepreneurship is the pursuit of lucrative opportunities by enterprising individuals. . Entrepreneurship is inherently about innovation creating a new venture where one didnt exist before. 9. What are the common characteristics of an entrepreneur? a. 1. Commitment and determination Successful entrepreneurs are decisive, tenacious, disciplined, willing to sacrifice, and able to immerse themselves in their enterprises. 2. Leadership They are self- starters, team builders, superior learners, and teachers. Communicating a vision for the future of the company an essential component of leadership that youll learn more about in Chapter 12 has a direct impact on venture growth. 7 3. Opportunity obsession They have an intimate knowledge of customers needs, are market driven, and are obsessed with value creation and enhancement. 4. Tolerance of risk, ambiguity, and suspense They are calculated risk takers and risk managers, tolerant of stress, and able to resolve problems. 5. Creativity, self- reliance, and ability to adapt They are open- minded, restless with the status quo, able to learn quickly, highly adaptable, creative, skilled at conceptualizing, and attentive to details. . Motivation to excel They have a clear results orientation, set high but realistic goals, have a strong drive to achieve, know their own weaknesses and strengths, and focus on what can be done rather than on the reasons things cant be done. 10. Do the financing issues that new businesses face differ from those faced by a well-established business? How? Conflict and Change (Chapters 14, 16, 7 18) 1. Identify ways to manage conflict. a. Managing lateral relationships well can prevent some conflict.But conflict arises because of the sheer number of contacts, ambiguities, goal differences, competition for infrequent resources, and different perspectives and time horizons. Depending on the situation, five basic interpersonal approaches to managing con-flict can be used avoidance, accommodation, compromise, com-petition, and col tugation. victor goals offer a focus on higher- level organizational goals that can help generate a collaborative relationship. Techniques for managing conflict between other parties include acting as a mediator and managing practical(prenominal) conflict. 2. Identify different conflict styles. a.Avoidance, accommodation, compromise, competing, collaboration 3. Discuss the role of a mediator. a. A Mediator is a third ships company intervening to help settle a conflict between other people. Third- party intervention, done well, can improve working relationships and help the parties improve their own conflict- management, communication, and problem- solving skills. 4. Explain the difference between avoidance, accommodation, compromise, competing, and collaboration as conflict styles. a. Avoidance A reaction to conflict that involves ignoring the problem by doing nothing at all, or de evince the disagreement. . Accommodati on A style of traffic with conflict involving cooperation on behalf of the other party but not being assertive about ones own interests. c. compromise A style of dealing with conflict involving moderate attention to both parties concerns. d. Competing A style of dealing with conflict involving strong focus on ones own goals and little or no concern for the other persons goals. e. Collaboration A style of dealing with conflict emphasizing both cooperation and assertiveness to maximize both parties satisfaction. 5. Describe four types of control systems. a.bureaucratic Control Bureaucratic control is the use of rules, regulations, and formal authority to guide performance. It includes such items as budgets, statistical tarradiddles, and performance appraisals to amaze behavior and results. b. Market Control Market control involves the use of pricing mechanisms to regulate activities in organizations as though they were economic transactions. Business units may be treated as profit centers and trade resources ( services or goods) with one another via such mechanisms. Managers who run these units may be evaluated on the basis of profit and loss. . Clan Control Clan control, unlike the first two types, does not assume that the interests of the organization and individuals by nature diverge. Instead, clan control is based on the idea that employees may share the values, expectations, and goals of the organization and act in accordance with them. When members of an organization have common values and goals and trust one another formal controls may be less needful. d. Dynamic Control 6. What types of control systems have you seen in operation in your organization (or one you know well)? 7. What is functional conflict?Describe the conflict process. 8. What are some conflict-resolution techniques that can be employed in an organization? 9. What is the controlling function within an organization? 10. What are the steps in the control process? 1. Setting performance standards. 2. Measuring performance. 3. Comparing performance against the standards and determining deviations. 4. Taking action to correct problems and reinforce successes. 11. What are the stages of change within an organization? a. Unfreezing breaking from the old ways of doing things b. pathetic instituting the change c.Refreezing reinforcing and supporting the new ways 12. What strategies can mangers use to overcome resistance to their change initiatives? a. pull in why people often resist change (inertia, timing, surprise, peer pressure/ self interest, misunderstanding, different assessments, management tactics) b. Force- field analysis involves identifying the specific forces that prevent people from changing and the specific forces that will drive people toward change. c. Education and Communication Management should educate people about upcoming changes before they occur.It should communicate not only the nature of the change but its logic. d. Participation and Involvemen t change requires reflection and dialogue. It is important to get word to the people who are affected by the change. They should be involved in the changes design and implementation. e. Facilitation and Support Facilitation involves training and other resources people need to carry out the change and perform their jobs under the new circumstances. This step often includes decentralizing authority and empowering people, that is, braggart(a) them the power to make the decisions and changes needed to improve their performance. . Negotiation and Rewards When necessary and appropriate, management can offer concrete incentives for cooperation with the change. Perhaps job enrichment is acceptable only with a higher wage rate, or a work rule change is resisted until manage-ment agrees to a subsidization on some other rule ( say, regarding taking breaks). g. Manipulation and cooptation One form of manipulation is cooptation, which involves giving a resisting individual a desirable role in the change process. The leader of a resisting group often is coopted.For example, management might invite a union leader to be a member of an executive committee or ask a key member of an outside organization to gather the companys board of directors. As a person becomes involved in the change, he or she may become less resistant to the actions of the coopting group or organization. h. Explicit and implicit coercion several(prenominal) managers apply punishment or the threat of punishment to those who resist change. With this approach, managers use force to make people comply with their deficiencyes. Human Resource Mgmt & Diversity (Chapters 10 & 11) 1.How do companies use human resource management to gain a competitive advantage? a. To succeed, companies must align their human resources to their strategies. Effective planning is necessary to make certain that the right number and type of employees are available to implement a companys strategic plan. It is clear that hiring the most competent people is a very involved process. Companies that compete on cost, quality, service, and so on also should use their staffing, training, appraisal, and reward systems to elicit and reinforce the kinds of behaviors that underlie their strategies. 2. succumb reasons companies recruit both internally and externally for new hires. a. Some companies prefer to recruit internally to make certain that employees are familiar with organizational policies and values. In other instances, companies prefer to recruit externally, such as through employee referrals, job boards, newspaper advertising, and campus visits, to find individuals with new ideas and fresh perspectives. External recruiting is also necessary to ingurgitate positions when the organization is growing or needs skills that do not exist among its current employees. 3. Identify non-homogeneous methods for selecting new employees. . There are myriad alternative techniques from which to choose. Interviews and refer ence checks are the most common. Per-sonality tests and cognitive ability tests measure an individuals aptitude and potential to do well on the job. Other selection techniques include assessment centers and integrity tests. Background and reference checks verify that the information supplied by employees is accurate. Regardless of the approach used, any test should be able to demonstrate reliability ( consistency across time and different interview situations) and validity ( accuracy in predicting job performance).In addition, selection methods must comply with concern opportunity laws, which are intended to ensure that companies do not discriminate in any study practices. 4. Evaluate the importance of spending money and time on training and development. a. People cannot depend on a set of skills for all of their working lives. In todays changing, competitive world, old skills quickly become obsolete, and new ones become essential for success. Refreshing or updating an individuals skills requires a great deal of continuous training, designed with easurable goals and methods that will achieve those goals. Companies understand that gaining a competitive edge in quality of service depends on having the most talented, flexible workers in the industry. 5. Explain alternative selections for those who assess an employees performance. a. Many companies are using multiple sources of appraisal because different people see different sides of an employees performance. Typically, a superior is expected to evaluate an employee, but peers and team members are often well positioned to see aspects of performance that a superior misses.Even an employ-ees subordinates are being asked more often today to give their input to get yet another perspective on the evaluation. Particularly in companies refer about quality, internal and external customers also are surveyed. Finally, employees should evaluate their own performance, if only to get them thinking about their own performa nce, as well as to engage them in the appraisal process. 6. Describe the fundamental aspects of a reward system a. Reward systems include pay and benefits. Pay systems have three basic components pay level, pay structure, and individual pay determination.To achieve an advantage over competitors, executives may want to pay a generally higher wage to their companys employees, but this decision must be weighed against the need to control costs ( pay- level decisions often are tied to strategic concerns such as these). To achieve internal equity ( paying people what they are worth relative to their peers within the company), managers must look at the pay structure, making certain that pay differentials are based on knowledge, effort, responsibility, working conditions, seniority, and so on.Individual pay determination is often based on merit or the dif-ferent contributions of individuals. In these geeks, it is important to make certain that men and women receive equal pay for equal wor k, and managers may wish to base pay decisions on the idea of comparable worth ( equal pay for an equal contribution). Also, the occupational Safety and Health Act requires that employees have a safe and healthy work environment. 7. Summarize how unions and labor laws influence human resources management. a. Labor relations involve the interactions between workers and management.One mechanism by which this relationship is con-ducted is unions. Unions seek to present a collective voice for workers, to make their needs and wishes known to manage-ment. Unions negotiate agreements with management regard-ing a range of issues such as wages, hours, working conditions, job security, and health care. One important tool that unions can use is the grievance procedure established through collective bargaining. This mechanism gives employees a way to seek redress for wrongful action on the part of management. In this way, unions make certain that the rights of all employees are protected.Labor laws seek to protect the rights of both employees and managers so that their relationship can be pro-ductive and agreeable. 8. Describe how changes in the U. S. workforce make diversity a critical organizational and managerial issue. a. The labor force is getting older and more racially and ethnically versatile, with a higher proportion of women. And while the domineering number of workers is increasing, the growth in jobs is outpacing the numerical growth of workers. In addition, the jobs that are being created frequently require higher skills than the typical worker can provide thus, we are seeing a growing skills gap.To be competitive, organizations can no longer take the traditional approach of depending on white manlikes to form the core of the workforce. Today, managers must look broadly to make use of talent wherever it can be found. As the labor market changes, organizations that can recruit, develop, motivate, and retain a various(a) workforce will have a competitive ad vantage. 9. point out between affirmative action and managing diversity. a. Affirmative action is designed to correct past exclusion of women and minorities from U. S. organizations.But despite the accomplishments of affirmative action, it has not eliminated bar-riers that prevent individuals from reaching their full potential. Managing diversity goes beyond hiring people who are different from the norm and seeks to support, nurture, and use employee differences to the organizations advantage. 10. Identify challenges associated with managing a diverse workforce. a. The challenges for managers created by a diverse workforce include decreased group cohesiveness, communication problems, mistrust and tension, and stereotyping.These challenges can be turned into advantages by means of training and effective management. 11. Define monolithic, pluralistic, and multicultural organizations. a. Monolithic An organization that has a low degree of structural integration employing few women, m inorities, or other groups that differ from the mass and thus has a highly homogeneous employee population.. b. Pluralistic Pluralistic organizations have a relatively diverse employee population and try to involve various types of employ-ees ( e. g. , engaging in affirmative action and avoiding discrimination).Conflict is greatest in a pluralistic organization. c. Multicultural Multicultural organizations not only have diversity but value it, and they fully integrate men and women of various racial and ethnic groups, as well as people with different types of expertise. 12. List steps managers and their organizations can take to cultivate diversity. a. To be successful, organizational efforts to manage diversity must have top management support and commitment. Organizations should first undertake a thorough assessment of their cultures, policies, and practices, as well as the demographics of their labor pools and customer bases.Only after this diagnosis has been correct is a compa ny in position to initiate programs designed to attract, develop, motivate, and retain a diverse workforce. 13. What is strategic human resource planning, and how does it benefit an organization? 14. What legal considerations must organizations consider when hiring employees? 15. What is the job characteristics model (JCM)? a. Hackman & Oldham proposed the Job Characteristics Model, which is widely used as a framework to study how particular job characteristics impact on job outcomes, including job satisfaction.The model states that there are five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) which impact three critical psychological states (experienced meaningfulness, experienced responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of the actual results), in turn influencing work outcomes (job satisfaction, absenteeism, work motivation, etc. ). 16. Why are certain types of diversity protected by law? What are they? a. Female, minorities, i mmigrants, disabled people. 17. What are some barriers to cross-cultural communication in an organization? a. isunderstandings, inac-curacies, inefficiencies, and slowness. Speed is wooly-minded when not all group members are fluent in the same language or when additional time is required to explain things. Sometimes diversity may decrease communication, as when white male managers feel less comfortable giving feedback to women or minorities, for fear of how criticism may be received. The result may be employees who do not have a clear idea of what they need to do to improve their performance. 18. When are organizations required to modify their workplace in order to accommodate the needs of an individual employee? a.When the employee is unable to accomplish his job without reasonable accommodation. 19. What is an effective diversity training program? a. A program that has 1. Position training in your broad diversity strategy. 2. Do a thorough needs analysis. 3. Distinguish between education and training. 4. Use a participative design process. 5. Test the program thoroughly before rollout. 6. combine training programs into the core training curriculum. CHAPTER 10 QUIZ QUESTIONS 20. Conducting demand forcasts is the most difficult part of HR planning. 21. Job analysis provides job definitions and job specifications. 2. Which of these is the most popular selection tool? Interviews 23. The behavioral description interview explores what candidates have actually done in the past. 24. Which of these is a managerial performance test in which candidates participate in a variety of exercises and situations? Assessment center 25. The degree to which a selection test predicts or correlates with job performance is called validity. 26. While laying off 160 employees in a cost cutting move, Peel and Seal, Inc. is also helping these laid-off employees regain employment elsewhere. This is referred to as outplacement. 27.Development involves teaching managers and profession al employees broader skills needed for their present and future jobs. 28. The law that prohibits gender based pay discrimination between two jobs substantially similar in skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions is Equal Pay Act. 29. MBO is one approach to results appraisals. 30. The decision that prices different jobs within the organization is pay structure 31. Internal factors affecting the wage mix include compensation policy of organization. 32. Individual incentive plans are the most common type of incentive plan. 33. The use of a neutral third party to resolve abor dispute is called arbitration. CHAPTER 11 QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. What percent of women currently make up the workforce? -46% 2. Rosalie reached the level of regional manager at Bike Tools etcetera nightclub years ago. Three of her counterparts have been promoted to vice president level. Although Rosalie has more experience and better performance numbers, she has not been promoted. As a matter of fact, whi te males occupy all senior positions at Bike Tools Etc. Rosalie appears to have hit the glass ceiling. 3. William was denied promotion because he rejected the sexual advances from his boss, Reba. This appears to be a case of _____ harassment. Quid Pro Quo 4. Minorities and immigrants hold approximately _____ jobs in the United States. 1 out of every 4 5. All of the following statements are true except African American workforce is growing the fleet in the United States followed by Asian and Hispanic workforces / by 2020, most of Californias entry-level workers will be Hispanic / the younger Americans are, the more likely they are to be persons of color / three in ten college enrollees are people of color / foreign-born workers make up more than 15 percent of the U. S. civilian labor force 6. _____ are the largest unemployed minority in the United States. People with disabilities 7. The most common contradict effect of diversity is communication problems. 8. A(n)____ is an organiza tion that has a relatively diverse employee population and makes an effort to involve employees from different gender, racial, or cultural backgrounds. pluralistic organization Organizational Structure (Chapters 8, 9 , 15, & 17) 1. Explain how differentiation and integration influence an organizations structure. a. Differentiation means that organizations have many parts. Specialization means that various individuals and units end-to-end the organization perform different tasks.The assignment of tasks to different people or groups often is referred to as the incision of labor. But the alter tasks in an organization cannot all be performed independently of one another. Coordination links the various tasks in order to achieve the organizations overall mission. An organization with many different specialized tasks and work units is highly differentiated the more differentiated the organization is, the more integration or coordination is required. 2. Summarize how authority operates. a. Authority is the legitimate right to make decisions and tell other people what to do.Authority is exercised throughout the hierarchy, as bosses have the authority to give orders to subordinates. Through the day- to- day operation of authority, the organization proceeds toward achieving its goals. Owners or stockholders have ultimate authority. 3. Define the roles of the board of directors and the chief executive officer. a. Boards of directors report to stockholders. The board of directors controls or advises management, considers the firms legal and other interests, and protects stockholders rights. The chief executive officer reports to the board and is accountable for the organizations performance. 4.Discuss how span of control affects structure and managerial effectiveness. a. Span of control is the number of people who report directly to a manager. Narrow spans create tall organizations, and wide spans create flat ones. No single span of control is always appropriate the op timal span is determined by characteristics of the work, the subordinates, the manager, and the organization. 5. Explain how to delegate effectively. a. Delegation the assignment of tasks and responsibilities has many potential advantages for the manager, the subordinate, and the organization. But to be effective, the process must be managed carefully.The manager should define the goal, select the person, solicit opinions, provide resources, schedule checkpoints, and discuss progress periodically. 6. Distinguish between centralized and decentralized organizations. a. In centralized organizations, most important decisions are made by top managers. In decentralized organizations, many decisions are delegated to lower levels. 7. Summarize ways organizations can be structured. a. Organizations can be structured on the basis of function, division ( product, customers, or geographic), hyaloplasm, and network. Each form has advantages and disadvantages. 8.Identify the unique challenges of the matrix organization. a. The matrix is a complex structure with a dual authority structure. A well- managed matrix enables organizations to adapt to change. But it can also create confusion and interpersonal dif-ficulties. People in all positions in the matrix top executives, product and function managers, and two- boss managers must acquire unique survival skills. 9. Describe important integrative mechanisms. a. Managers can coordinate interdependent units through standardization, plans, and mutual adjustment. Standardization occurs when routines and standard operating procedures are put in place.They typically are accompanied by formalized rules. Coordination by plan is more flexible and allows more freedom in how tasks are carried out but keeps interdependent units focused on schedules and joint goals. Mutual adjustment involves feedback and discussions among related parties to accommodate each others needs. It is at once the most flexible and simple to administer, but it is time- consuming. 10. What is the difference between forward vertical integration and backward vertical integration? a. Forward Vertical Integration b. Backward Vertical Integration 11. What are the benefits and challenges of a matrix organization structure? . Benefits i. Decision-making is decentralized to a level where information is processed properly and relevant knowledge is applied. Extensive communications networks help process large amounts of information. With decisions delegated to appropriate levels, higher management levels are not overloaded with operational decisions. Resource utilization is efficient because key resources are shared across several important programs or products at the same time. Employees learn the collaborative skills needed to function in an environment characterized by frequent meetings and more informal interactions. Dual career ladders are clarify as more career options become available on both sides of the organization. b. Challenges i. Co nfusion can arise because people do not have a single superior to whom they feel primary responsibility. The design encourages managers who share subordinates to jockey for power. The mistaken belief can arise that matrix management is the same thing as group decision-making in other words, everyone must be consulted for every decision. Too much country can lead to not enough action.